Innovative harsh environment sensors are desirable in a wide range of industrial and military applications where conventional measurement devices are difficult to apply. Such examplesexist in many technical fields, such as aerospace, petroleum and power industries.

Quantitative measurement of gas concentration based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy and second-harmonic detection is demonstrated by applying low-frequency wavelength modulation to an external-cavity tunable diode laser. The tunable laser operating at 1.53 micrometers region is used to detect acetylene (C₂H₂) with laser absorption spectroscopy. A time-division multiplexed three- sensor system with a forward-coupled ladder topology have been implemented and experimentally tested. The sensor system uses single path 25 mm absorption cells and have demonstrated sensitivity of 81 ppm. The crosstalk between the sensors was found to be -30 dB. Power budget analysis shows that a sensor network consisting of 37 sensors could be realized with the same multiplexing topology.

This paper reports a combined optical current and voltage measurement system for 500 kV transmission line in the electrical substations. The system consists of the Faraday effect current sensor, the Pockels effect voltage sensor, the 500 kV optical insulator and the signal-processing unit. Both the optical current sensor and the optical voltage sensor are mounted inside an optical insulator. The performance of the system is tested and the experimental results will report.

Electric strain gauges have been the sensor of choice in structure monitoring applications. Recently, with the invention of fiber optic Bragg gratings and the rapid advance of telecommunication industry, optical strain sensors based on fiber Bragg grating is increasingly challenging the dominating position of the electric gauges. In this paper, we first discuss the performance and cost issues of typical electric strain sensing systems. This is followed by a description of the operating principles of fiber optic Bragg grating based strain sensors and a low- cost digital wavelength domain multiplexing technology for the interrogation of Bragg grating based sensor arrays. By comparing the performances and costs of electric and fiber Bragg grating based strain sensing technology at system level, we conclude that fiber optic strain sensing system is not only superior in performance but also provide lower cost per sensor for applications that requires more than 20 sensing points. Finally, a number of structure monitoring applications currently under investigation in Smart Material and Structures Research Laboratory at University of Maryland are presented.

A small volume fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor head is designed by using especial package technique with polymer material to measure the pressure and temperature simultaneously, which can solve the temperature cross- sensitivity of FBG effectively. We measure the pressure and temperature simultaneously using only one grating by measuring the wavelength of the two reflective peaks with different pressure and temperature sensitivity coefficients through the process of packaging FBG. Due to the wavelength resolution of 0.002 nm, the resolution of the pressure and temperature measurements are 0.36 MPa and 0.30 degree(s)C for grating A, 0.14 MPa and 0.12 degree(s)C for grating B.

The development of a fiber optic sensor system is described, for the on-line detection of heavy metal ions in water. This is based on laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of suitable metal-ligand complexes. The sensor system is designed to measure heavy metal ions in the field. Flow injection analysis (FIA) is coupled with the sensor system, to overcome problems of a slow diffusion rate of heavy metals through the membrane of an in situ sensor head. Preliminary experiments show the new FIA system has good reproducibility, a high sample analysis rate and it can measure heavy metal ions (Cu(II), Ni(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II)) at the ppb level, when using the appropriate ligands.

The basic principle and characteristics of displacement sensor with nonsymmetrical double gratings (DSNDG) are briefly described in the paper firstly. Besides the wide range and high resolution, very fine optical subdivision can be attained with the technique of DSNDG, which can largely expand the measurement range without decreasing the resolution. Then DSNDG is proved with the theories of Doppler effect. And the experimental research is done in the end. In the experimental research, some experimental phenomena are analyzed. The reasons and conditions for the formation of moire fringe are introduced. The effect of optical configuration, such as the angle of incidence and position of the two gratings, on the moire fringe is discussed. Then the factors affecting the moire fringe contrast and the methods to improve the fringe contrast are analyzed.

The interferometric fiber optic gyroscope (IFOG) is well known as a sensor for rotation, which is based on Sagnac effect. Compare with traditional mechanical gyroscope, IFOG can be used in higher reliability and longer lifetime, as well as in more severe environment due to its having no revolving component. For these significant advantages, IFOG is often regarded as the most promising instrument in the fiber optic sensor area. However, the theoretical analysis shows that, having no revolving component, IFOG can start working quickly after turning on, which means that the setup time of IFOG is very short. But in real applications, the unstable intensity of the light source during the startup time has greatly delayed the setup time of the IFOG. This disadvantage will extremely restrict the application field of IFOG. This paper analyzes in the main sources associated with IFOG setup time, describes the influences from unstable output power, and also brings out some suggestions to solve the problem. Experiment shows that the influence of the fluctuation has evidently decreased through compensation, which firmly supports the conclusion brought in this paper.

An error compensation method is described. We use a kind of integrated optic chip on which two optic modulators and two optic switches are integrated, light is switched between the fiber coil and the error measuring module by the optic switches. Signal processing electronics subtracts the errors from the output of the sensing fiber coil. This error compensation method is capable of reducing zero floating and random walk effectively.

Static electrification and partial discharges caused by oil flow in power transformers lead to many accidents. This paper introduces an optical fiber sensor which can be directly mounted inside high-voltage electric devices for electrification measurement in power transformers. Unlike the existing normal electrification measurement method which only be used in static oil, the new one take optical fiber as its probe and measures the electrification in flowing oil by detecting luminous flux, and is available for on-line monitoring.

We report the use of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for strain measurement in a rectangular composite-bonded concrete beam. Three FBG sensors are multiplexed by using a frequency-modulated continuous wave technique and embedded at three different locations at the interface between the composite reinforcement and surfaces of the concrete beam specimen. Strain measurements were conducted with the concrete beam specimen subjected to a three-point bending test. The strains measured from the FBG sensors are compared with that from the external bonded electrical strain gauges.

A method about optic fiber sensor technology applied to laser dynamic-fixed distance ranging system was introduced in this paper. The laser diode was modulated by continual sine signal in the system. According to the instinctive characteristic of optic fiber that the fiber can produce high precision phase shift, the system measured the predetermined ranging distance by means of measuring the phase difference between the measuring light signal and the reference light signal caused by their different light courses. Based on the phase demodulation theory, the function of optic fiber sensor in the system was described in this paper, an important reformation of the phase demodulation system was introduced, and the evaluation of the application and development prospect of the research was given as well.

Strain, deformation and temperature measurements constitute the most interesting parameters to be monitored in smart structures. White-light interferometry offers these performances even for long-term measurements. Based on the Michelson interferometer, a fiber optic localized strain sensor and multiplexing strain-sensing techniques are demonstrated in this paper. Related problem about the spatial division limitation of fiber optic sensors is discussed. Finally, application examples such as cable strain measuring of cable-stayed bridge model, inside strain measurements for concrete specimens and temperature monitoring are also given.

The application of sensors cover over all the fields, including signal detection. To meet the increased requirements, many new sensors and their corresponding technologies have been exploited. Micro sensor, smart sensor, and multifunction sensor are reported in this paper. The three kinds of sensors are the typical new sensors and represent the main trend of the sensors of the next century. The paper also describes a number of succeeded applications in signal detection as examples.

A tubular optical probe for fluorescent immunosensors based on magnetic focusing of paramagnetic microspheres has been developed. The optical probe features a tubular optical waveguide tapered at both ends with a tapered magnet embedded inside the waveguide. Laser light is delivered to a dye-labeled spot in the inner surface of a cuvette and the fluorescent signal is guided to an optical detection system. A 3D computer model of this system has been created and its optical properties evaluated with a commercially available non-sequential ray-trace program. Up to 10,000 rays are traced from the laser to the cuvette and again from the fluorescent source to the detector. Results lead to the optimization of the component properties.

In this article, the EMR fluid has been prepared by dispersing CuPc-Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles composite in chlorinated paraffin oil. This EMR fluid have strong ER and MR activity even low electric field or magnetic field is applied. When electric and magnetic field are applied at the same time, it has obvious synergistic effect. The device with adjustable stiffness has been designed and fabricated which uses the EMR fluid containing CuPc-Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles composite as the working medium and can be used in the field of structure vibration decrease. The basic properties of this device have been studied. The results show that when electric/magnetic field is applied, the device has certain stiffness which can be adjusted by the intensities of the electric/magnetic field applied.

Simple optic sensors for detecting fuel gases, which consist of plastic optical fibers (POFs), have been studied. The sensing mechanism is based on the swelling phenomena in the rubber-type polymers. The POF-type sensor head was fabricated by coating the swelling polymer on the plastic fiber core and was connected to the normal POFs. When this system was exposed to fuel gases such as gasoline and propane, the light intensity passing through the sensor head changed remarkably depending on the pressure of fuel gases. The sensor response was also found to be fast, stable and reproducible.

This paper presents an experimental investigation on bending effect on the sensing characteristics of normal and tilted fiber Bragg gratings. It has been found that the Bragg wavelength shift was almost proportional to the bending curvature. The shift was related with the relative direction of bending and the incident direction of ultraviolet light during the fabrication process of the fiber Bragg grating. The maximum Bragg wavelength shift was found to be 0.26 nm when the maximum bending curvature reached 2.43 cm^-1.

In the application of optical fiber telecommunications and sensing, we will meet the situations how to decrease splicing loss and find an optimized splicing process to splice two fibers that have much different characteristics such as mode field diameter and refractive index difference. We analyzed the existed measuring methods and found that these methods are not enough accurate and are not suitable to monitor splicing process instantly. We designed a new method that can be used to measure splice loss accurately and at the same time to monitor the splicing process and find optimum splicing program parameters.

In this paper, a fiber optic sensor system for high temperature measurement, which is supposed to be the combination of black-body cavity, optical fiber and colorimetry, is introduced. Based on the principle of black- body radiation, the system aims at measuring temperature by use of black-body cavity and a probe made from optical fibers. The accuracy of this system is about 1%. The system is of strong chemical stability and resistance to strong magnetic interference with its measuring range from 600 degree(s)C and 1800 degree(s)C.

In this article, the conducting schemes for fiber optic gyro (FOG) used int he fast detecting of the smoothness of rail track has been proposed from the practical use point of view. The relevant approximate method of calculating has been given. The experiments in lab have been carried out, and the factors to influence the detecting precision of the smoothness of rail track such as the precision of FOG have been analyzed.

Prestressed steel anchors are widely adopted in the stabilization of rock slope engineering. To ensure the safety of the stabilization system, reliable monitoring techniques should be used to evaluate the operating state of the anchorage system. Fiber optical sensors can achieve the distribution detection of strain along the whole length of the optical fiber. Therefore it will be very suitable to embed optical fiber in motar, esp. concrete to perform strain measurement as well as crack detection. This paper reports the development of a simple intensity modulated fiber optic sensor for detecting internal cracks of concrete structures. This sensor is embedded in a 1-meter-long concrete beam and its reliability and feasibility tests were conducted by loading this beam to failure. Experiments for the embedded sensor show that incipience and propagation of concrete cracks can be well displayed by light intensity meter and the sensor can endure large deformation before it cracks and the maximum concrete crack width endured by the sensor can reach 5 mm.

This paper presents a kind of low cost, one-off fiber optic temperature sensor that has been used to replace the expensive Pt-Rh thermocouple to measure the temperature of molten steel. The detail design scheme of the probe of the fiber optic sensor, the structure of the secondary instrument and the calculating method has been studied.

A precise and safe telemetry to measure the height of CO telescopic gasometer by optic fiber sensor (OFS) technique is introduced. The principle of operation and special design for installation without gas production shutdown are illustrated. An approach to give full play to high accuracy of OFS gauge is put forward, that is, to compensate the measured data by means of mathematical formulas, depending on the installing position and special revolving movement of a gasometer.

An optical method for measuring surface roughness using Beckmann's theory on the scattering of electromagnetic waves is [proposed. To analyze the relation between the surface slope and the scattered light, the surface slope distribution of blasted specimens was calculated from the surface profile measured with a stylus profilometer. The light scattered from the surfaces was measured with a PCD (Plasma-Coupled Device) linear image sensor. The surface slope and surface roughness were evaluated from the measured intensity distribution. Both the distributions of the scattered light intensity and the surface slope can be approximated by a Gaussian function, suggesting that the distribution of the scattered light intensity is due to the distribution of the surface roughness slope. A computer simulation was also carried out to determine the scope of the applicability of the method.

The DOFTS system that has applied to temperature automatically alarm system of coal mine and tunnel has been researched. It is a real-time, on line and multi-point measurement system. The wavelength of LD is 1550 nm, on the 6 km optical fiber, 3000 points temperature signal is sampled and the spatial position is certain. Temperature measured region: -50 degree(s)C--100 degree(s)C; measured uncertain value: +/- 3 degree(s)C; temperature resolution: 0.1 degree(s)C; spatial resolution: <5 cm (optical fiber sensor probe); <8 m (spread optical fiber); measured time: <70 s. In the paper, the operated principles, underground test, test content and practical test results have been discussed.

To accelerate the usage of traditional optical fiber micro- bend sensor in the distribution detecting of actual smart structures, a novel micro-bend sensor structure is developed. Experiments manifest that it has good sensitivity, repeatability. In addition, based on different conditions and monitoring demands of smart structure, this sensor structure can consist of a series of sensors with different sensitivity, initial dissipation of light intensity and tensile strength by altering some structural parameters.

A novel surface roughness optical fiber sensor is presented. It consists of a light emitting diode source, an Y-tap, a probe made up of self-focusing optical fiber, a photo- detector setup, and a fuzzy system. Its principle is based on the intensity-modulated light from an object surface to be measured. The fuzzy algorithm was used to treat the data obtained from photo-detector setup. Since the fuzzy algorithm can map input and output perfectly, the measure accuracy was improved and the measure range was expanded.

the development and application of fiber optic gyro (FOG) supply the potential possibility for performing accurate slab deflection measurement. In this research, an algorithm method is put forward for calculating slab deflection based on the output of FOG and an in-door model test was conducted. Experiment reveals that FOG is applicable for structure deflection measurement. Its measurement accuracy will satisfy the requirement of engineering if high-accuracy FOG is adopted.

In clarifier tanks in water plant or treatment plant it is necessary to locate and control the sludge level in order for efficient production and environment protection. In tanks, where sedimentary reaction take place, the sludge concentration vary gradually in vertical, normal abrupt- change based measurement techniques will fail. In this paper a concentration-dependent level measurement technique is described. The concentration-related signal is obtained through the measurement of attenuation of ultrasonic wave in water. The level is then resolved according to either the sludge concentration itself or the vertical concentration gradient. An ultrasonic sensor probe is designed. It operates at 10 MHz frequency in order to obtain required sensitivity. The probe is of immersed, and is non- interceptive to sediment thus will not disturb the concentration contribution. As temperature and contaminant will affect sensor response, an in-situ auto correction technique is developed to eliminate such response change. In the system three sensors are incorporated in, an ultrasonic sensor, a temperature sensor and a position sensor. A micro control unit controls the whole system. The attenuation property of sludge water is presented. The system has found its usage in water plant and is proved to be successful.

The measurement resolution in white light interferometry is, to some extent, determined by the coherence length of the light source used. By the use of multi-wavelength combination source, the equivalent coherence length can be greatly reduced. In this paper, the fringe pattern from a multi-wavelength combination source consisting of three commonly used multi-mode laser diodes is transformed into a discrete fringe pattern. The system has a stable output and is suitable for high precision white light interferometric measurement where good system stability is required.

In this paper we studied the potential of using FBG strain sensors to measure the torsion deformation theoretically and experimentally. FBG strain sensors are bonded on the surface of a shaft. When the shaft under torsion there is strain induced in the FBG sensor and the Bragg wavelength will shift accordingly. According to the wavelength shift and photoelastic properties of the FBG sensor bonded on the shaft the torsion deformation of the shaft can be obtained. In order to minimize the measurement error the optimal direction of the FBG sensor was obtained. The influence of the orientation deviation of the FBG sensor was discussed in detail. The feasibility of this method is demonstrated by experiment and the test results agree with the theoretical analysis very well.

In this paper, a fiber sensor used to monitor the content of C₂H₂ gas in the transformer oil is described. The experimental data of this type of experiment are also given to support this theory.

The measurements of refractive index and thickness of various transparent plates and films are very important for quality control. Additionally, the knowledge of refractive index, and thickness is significant in biomedicine for the treatment of many kinds of tumors. In this paper, we propose a new method for noninvasive and simultaneous measurement of refractive indices and physical thickness of specimens, which consist of surrounding and interior components with different refractive indices. In our experiment, we measure the refractive index and the physical thickness of a multimode fiber and a lotus root with a hollow hole, respectively. The experimental results verify the feasibility of this method.

The accuracy of intensity modulation optical fiber sensors worsens greatly due to disturbances such as temperature fluctuation. This paper reports a novel m X n network compensation technique which can be simultaneously applied to many fiber sensors to minimize the degradation. We demonstrate a m X n network (m, n are integers and greater than 1) can compensate (m-1)(n-1) sensors at one time. Further analysis indicates that a m X n compensation network can be looked as the combination of (m- 1)(n-1) four-node networks or three-node networks depending on its structure. Furthermore, its compensation potential is similar to elementary single-sensor networks.

In this paper, a new method was proposed to measure the material characteristic parameter. Young's modulus and thermal expansion coefficient can be measured with FBG attached on the sample. The principle of measuring the material characteristic parameter was expatiated, a tiny thermal expansion coefficient was measured experimentally. This method is very convenient and precise, moreover, which can measure infinitesimal and negative thermal expansion coefficients, but existing methods are difficult to do it.

In power stations, a CCD set is used to observe furnace flame images directly to distinguish the current combustion status of a boiler. Actually, more combustion information can be gained from flame images: the temperature distribution can be reconstructed inversely, and the furnace radiation can be described quantificationally. Colorimetry temperature measure and greyscale normalization is included in this technology. Moreover, many important run-states such as flameout and flame center excursion can be caught by automation systems using the pattern recognition. Methods of combustion characteristic pattern recognition are discussed. And some applications for improving combustion control system are described.

This paper presented a method of range image segmentation based on Morphological Watershed. At first, the edges are extracted by morphological edge detector and edge map is thresholded, then watershed is introduced to finish the last segmentation. The experiment shows the better performance.

In this paper, a new small target detection approach based on the analysis of image background texture is presented. Through multi-scale wavelet decomposition of background textures and local energy calculation, feature vectors of each pixel is obtained. According to these feature vectors, a relative distance image corresponding to the features can be derived, and target detection can be performed on this distance image. The histogram of distance image is employed for automatic selection of threshold value. Experiments show that this approach can achieve quite satisfactory results.

A new pixel circuit that converts the analog light intensity into a digital code was presented in this paper. It consists of four components: a photo-transducer, a preamplifier, a sample and hold circuit and a one-bit A/D converter. Each circuit of the components was designed with specific parameters. After simulating the whole pixel circuit with a standard CMOS, this pixel circuit is found to have advantages of low distortion, low power consumption, and output digital signal.

The theory of realizing dual band thermal images by pyroelectric FPA detector with 4 states of chopper modulation is proposed. The rules governing the variations of signal responses to temperature rise from the scenery incident emission under 4 states of chopper modulation and successive signal processing in the detector are established. Analysis of the digital analog shows that the double bands (3 - 5 micrometers and 8 - 14 micrometers ) information of the scenery emission may be totally or partially separated. By this technology, a light, low cost, double band thermal imaging system with single detector could be realized.

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the occurring reason and features of bad pixels in CMOS image sensor. Detect and compensate algorithms have also bee introduced. Experimental result show that the algorithms are efficiently when they are applied on CH5001 produced by Chrontel Inc.

In order to overcome the limitation usage of a single or a single kind of sensors in detecting obstacles around the mobile robot, we usually adopted multi-sensor in traditional navigation technique. This method can cause the hardware circuit complexity and the information disposal boring. In this paper, we adopt a ultrasonic sensor which is installed on a rotating plane to scan the obstacles around the mobile robot. Furthermore we use an artificial potential field method which have been gotten rid of the dead zone to fuse the obtained information for planning path and motion control. The control circuit and the method is simple and convenient. This increase the reliability and response of the motion control. The experimental result shows that the moving trajectory is smooth and continuous therefore the method is effective and can satisfy the need of the motion control for the mobile robot.

An integrated system for visual pattern processing was proposed in this paper for implemented with CMOS technology. It consists of three parts: Variable Sensitivity Photo Detectors, control circuit, and parallel network. A 256 X 256 pixels array of 3-bits resolution is designed into the system chip for pattern recognition. In order to testing the design result, it was simulated with Spice model parameters of 1.2 micrometers CMOS process.

A new system for image signal processing and pattern recognition is presented in this paper. It was implemented in Windows 98 platform with a CMOS image sensor of USB interface. In the integrative signal processing system, visual pattern is firstly captured as digital image signal by CMOS image sensor, and then packaged into frame signals for transferred to VFW (Video for Windows) application through USB interface. At last, it is processed in VFW application for recognition by using the method of moment invariant extraction. The whole system architecture and its signal processing mechanism will be described in detail in this paper.

The principle and design of a 3D mouse using ultrasonic distance measurement are proposed in this paper. The system employs the method of measuring the time of flight. In addition, some techniques, including automatic gain control, self-adaptive variable threshold and temperature compensation, are also used to improve precision. According to the direct ratio between the distance and the time of flight, the distances between the transmitters on the mouse and the three receivers can be calculated. After that, the positions of the 3D mouse can be triangulated. Meanwhile, commands from the mouse buttons are detected and carried out. The validity and precision of the 3D mouse are verified by the experiment in a robot system. The proposed 3D mouse not only can be an input device in interactive 3D interface systems, but also can be used in virtual reality systems, location of robot manipulators, etc.

It is difficult to detect ametropia and anisometropia for children. Image sensor for testing refractive error of eyes does not need the cooperation of children and can be used to do the general survey of ametropia and anisometropia for children. In our study, photographs are recorded by a CCD element in a digital form which can be directly processed by a computer. In order to process the image accurately by digital technique, formula considering the effect of extended light source and the size of lens aperture has been deduced, which is more reliable in practice. Computer simulation of the image sensing is made to verify the fineness of the results.

From the concept and need background of firefighters to the thermal imager, we discuss how the helmet-mounted camera applied in the bad environment of conflagration, especially at the high temperature, and how the better matching between the thermal imager with the helmet will be put into effect in weight, size, etc. Finally, give a practical helmet- mounted IR camera based on the uncooled focal plane array detector for in firefighting.

Because of the detector material, manufacturing technology and optical system, there is a obvious signal responsivity variation in sensor elements of uncooled focal plane array (UFPA), that is same as the cooled FPA. This variations results in a severe fixed pattern noise. There have been a lot of varied ways to compensate the nonuniformity of FPA detectors now. This paper briefly describes several main nonuniformity compensation (NUC) methods discussed below, and considering the properties of UFPA detectors, the precision and rate of NUC, a practical NUC methods applying to UFPA is given. The aim is to simplify the hardware and software of NUC for UFPA, and to satisfy the requests of use in the real world simultaneously.

Molecular recognition processes are very important in the investigation of biological phenomena as well as development of fiber optic biosensor. As promising materials, biofunctionalized polydiacetylene lipids have many special properties. p-10,12-pentacosadiyne-1-N-(3,6,9- trioxaundecylanide)-a-D-mannopyranoside (MPDA) was synthesized from 10,12-pentacasadiynoic acid (PDA). The mixed monolayer MPDA/PDA was prepared by using Langmuir- Blodgett technique on glass and optical fiber, respectively. Molecular recognition of Escherichia coli (E. coli) resulted in a change of the film color and can be quantified by UV- Visible absorption spectroscopy. The properties might be used for screening drugs and diagnosis.

In this paper, a new algorithm is introduced into temperature measurement. The given algorithm can track the locus of the function of thermo-emf and temperature. With this algorithm, temperature can be measured directly as thermo-emf changes, and a thermodetector embedded this algorithm can be fit with all T, K and J type thermocouple. Experiment results show that this thermodetector can reach very high accuracy.

A method using an uncooled infrared focal plane detector to measure an object surface temperature is presented. The principle is theoretically studied. Formulas for calculating the real temperature of the object surface are also presented. Experiments are carried out. The results show that our method and formulas are useful for temperature measurement.

The use of fluorescence technique for temperature measurement has developed since 1980's. Such system has many advantages such as protect against electromagnetic interference, endure high voltage, and non-induce burning or blasting. But at present the high cost of apparatus limited the application widespread. A lot of applications are required and these in turn would depend on the technique improvement and cost reduction. A new kind of multi-channel fluorescence temperature measuring system has been introduced in this paper. The number of channels can be designed as many as several hundreds. It is very competitive especially in power station and high voltage electrical equipment systems. This technology evidently decrease the average cost of each measurement channel. A sketch scheme and problems that have been resolved in design as well as the result of test is discussed in this paper.

The properties of monolayer of mixed p-10,12- pentacosadiynoic acid (PDA)/p-10,12-pentacosadiyne-1-N- 3,6,9-trioxaundecyl-a-D-mannopyranoside (MPDA) were studied. The monolayer of mixed PDA/MPDA could be recognized by Escherichia coli (E.coli) K12. When incubating with E.coli K12, the color of monolayer changed from blue to red. The response is selective, and can be quantified by visible absorption spectrophotometry.

This paper introduces a new kind of bend sensor. It can be used to detect the bend angle of an object or inclination between two objects. It has characteristics of small size, lightweight, high reliability, fine flexibility and plasticity. When this bend sensor is used with a proper converting circuit, it can implement dynamic measuring the bend angle of an object conveniently. This paper also describes the application of this bend sensor in dataglove. The dataglove using the new bend sensor introduced here not only can meet the need of real time and angle resolution of virtual reality system, but also has features of low costs and high reliability.

The hybridization of probes on electrode surfaces with target sequences in solution was examined using DNA- covalently modified electrodes. It was found that the probes on electrode surfaces keep their activity of hybridization.

A new type of SPE (Solid Polymer Electrolyte) O₂ and CO electrochemical sensor is reported. The linearity, the stability and response time of the sensors is investigated and discussed.

The different composition in 42Sn58Bi and 96.5Sn3.5Ag system has been studied. The reflow conditions of various composition pastes were studied, and a suitable adding of Sn-Ag paste could raise the soldering temperature of paste. It was found that the shear tensile strength of solder joint could be improved after adding suitable Sn-Ag to Sn-Bi paste by testing the solder joint tension. The thermal fatigue properties were studied through performed thermal annealing and thermal shocking. The shear tensile strength of solder joints for adding suitable Sn-Ag is higher than the pure Sn- Bi after thermal shocking. The solder property, mechanical and fatigue failure properties of solder joint for adding suitable Sn-Ag could be improved. It was found that suitable Sn-Ag could decrease the porosity in Sn-Bi solder joint thought X-ray and SEM analysis.

The technology processes of the nanometer SnO₂-PdO composite materials and the fabrication processes of the CO gas sensors based on the ultrafine powder are described in this paper, and the characteristics of the gas sensors are measured and analyzed. The results show this kind of gas sensors based on the nanometer power has a better sensitive characteristic for the carbon monoxide.

Based on the static magnetic theory, we build uniform magnetization model of the surface magnetic filed of multi- pole magnetic drum of magnetic encoder. The formula of surface magnetic filed of multi-pole magnetic drum of magnetic encoder have been deduced. The surface magnetic field distribution of multi-pole drum of magnetic encoder have been studied with numeric analysis method. The research results is important for optimal design of magnetic drum.

In this paper, a new of oxygen sensor using the electrochemical oxygen pump of ZrO₂-8Y₂O₃ zirconia electrolyte the artificial oxygen diffusion overpotential behavior has been investigated from the theoretical and practical viewpoints. The factors influencing the limiting current in the normal diffusion region. That is the oxygen molar fraction, gaseous diffusion coefficient, the temperature, the pressure, and the two geometric quantities (area and length). But the limiting current-type zirconia oxygen sensor shows an abnormal output in an exhaust gas at low excess air ratio. The influence of components of the exhaust gas and the mechanism of generation of the abnormal output are reported.

This paper deals with the principle and means of measuring turbidity, analyzes the structure of sensor and circuitry design.

According to the thin-layer electrochemistry and transient electrochemistry principles, two kinds of all-new transient electrochemical multi-component gas sensors--`porous thin- layer electrode coulometric gas sensor' and `pulse potential modulated gas sensor' were presented in this paper. As compared with conventional steady electrochemical gas sensors, they have made a new breakthrough in optimizing the sensor performance characteristics and developing the sensor functions, as illustrated by the case of detection of O₂ + N₂O (gas anaesthetic) and CO₂ + O₂ (biorespiratory gases) gas mixtures.

To manufacture qualified oxygen concentration cell, it is very important to produce reliable and consistent MgO- partially stabilized zirconia (MgO-PSZ) fine powder. This paper described an advanced coprecipitation method for preparation MgO-PSZ fine powder. Practices show that the characteristics of final products, such as chemical purity, particle size and shape were satisfactory. The performance of Cr/Cr₂O₃ reference electrode was discussed. The measures to overcome shrinkage of Cr/Cr₂O₃ reference electrode had been taken herein. In addition, the application of HF-NQO-100 oxygen concentration cell in BOF- steelmaking process was very successful.

The preparation and electrochemical characterization of glassy carbon electrodes modified with calixarene-methyl viologen (MV) were investigated. The intermolecular complex of calix[6]arene and MV has an electrocatalytic effect on oxygen reduction. The influence of pH on the electrochemical behaviors of the modified electrodes was studied, and a pH of 6.8 was chosen as the optimum working medium. The cyclic voltammograms of the electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen showed an enhanced current peak in air- saturated phosphate buffer solution. The experimental parameters were optimized and the mechanism of the catalytic process was discussed.

Aiming at the requirement that some kinds of big dynamo- electric equipments such as a dam gate of hydro-power plant or a elevator have to keep their balance in the process of being lifted and dropped, a novel and precise gradienter with high resolution and short response time is presented in this article. In this gradienter, the respective hydraulic pressure method is adopted.

A periodic check of the rotary equipment axis is needed for maintaining high plant availability, so it is necessary to accuracy measure outer diameter of support rotators of rotary equipment in operation. At present the out diameter is measured by mechanical counting and counting with time division of friction-roller in China, the former is less accurate and latter needs the rotator rotating neither pause nor reversion, the error of measurement of diameter is +/- 2 mm if rotary speed is variable substantially. This article is concerned with a measurement instrument of the diameter, in which a friction-roller with encoder is sensor of circumference. It is a patent in China. The accuracy of diameter of measurement is less than +/- 1 mm.

In this paper a new technique is suggested to solve the problem of measuring the vibration parameters in bad conditions with strong shock, that is, using integrating accelerometers repacked with normal inertial accelerometers to measure vibration acceleration signal of rocket launcher and then integrating velocity and displacement parameters. After the problems of integral accuracy have been solved, various vibration parameters are obtained to meet the needs of a certain project. By analysis, this integrating accelerometer has been testified to be a very practical sensor with surplus value in measuring vibration parameters in bad condition with strong shock.

A new principle for resonance measurement based on injecting resonant frequency signal is presented in this paper. By this principle, the grounding capacitance and grounding resistance can be measured on-line in ineffectively grounding power system. Based on it, Petersen-coil automatically tuning is implemented, and 100% stator grounding fault protection for generator stator windings is also proposed. The prototype for Petersen-coil tuning has been tested on the network for many years. As well as the new method for generator stator grounding fault is verified by simulation.

A system, called Independent Tube Verification System (GENESIS ITVS(superscript TM)), was developed by ABB based on a Cognex MVS-8200 vision processor and its application function package. The system employs a model-based tube-shape detection algorithm and dynamic tracking methodology to detect the true tool position and its offsets from the identified tube location. GENESIS ITVS(superscript TM) works independent of the robot position, velocity, or acceleration. The tube position information is solely obtained from the actual images. The direction of motion and orientation of the robot can be predicted through the second-order dynamic tracking algorithm. The absolute coordinates of the tube can be determined through an accumulation of the image coordinates.

In this paper the authors study the effect of temperature in magneto-optical disk recording and the importance of the disk temperature measuring. We design the sensor system for the control and measure of magneto-optical disk temperature. The system is well received by users because of its perfect function in usage software and user interface.

The implementation of the hydroelectric equipment condition monitoring and diagnosing system is gradually processing from the theory study towards practical exploitation, and into a further practice in hydropower stations. Generally in this work is beginning with vibration monitoring and analysis of hydroelectric generating set (sometimes called Unit). The unit has a combined influence from water, machine, electricity and many other factors. The causes resulted in vibration are complicated. This paper analyzes the vibrating characteristics of hydroelectric generating set with Artificial Neural Network, and a corresponding model is set up. The purpose is to analyze the vibrating causes of hydroelectric generating set and deal with them earlier so as to ensure the operating safety and stability of hydroelectric generating set.

The property of sensor is affected greatly by the environment. In various temperature and humidity, the property of sensor will vary greatly. Though the enhancement of technique of production and adopting military devices can improve the performance, if the property of sensor is required strictly, we have to calibrate the property when the property drift. The theme discusses a method of calibration on line. The method can calibrate the property flexible, so it can satisfy the demand.

The research on how to determine the 3D position of endoscope by using magnetic field has been conducted for solving the positioning problem of endoscope inside the patient's body by using harmless magnetic field. We develop a new approach to determine the position of endoscope inside the body using magnetic field, and the pose of endoscope tip by attached a 3D magnetic sensor to endoscope.

Quartz tuning-fork angular rate microsensor belongs to vibratory gyroscopes, and has a very high quality factor which can obviously improve the sensitivity when the driving mode f_d is close to the sense mode f_s, however, in the same time its dynamic characteristics will be deteriorated. The relationship between the sensitivity and resonant frequencies, and the relationship between dynamic characteristics and resonant frequencies of the quartz tuning-fork gyroscopes are analyzed. An effective compensating network based on digital filter in order to improve the gyroscope's dynamic characteristics is presented in this paper.

This paper presents a new general framework for information fusion of machine condition monitoring based on neural networks and fuzzy methods. In the proposed architecture, feature extraction and feature fusion are performed by adopting a class for membership fusion which take care of the possibility and admissibility of the feature itself. We put forward to based on neural networks and fuzzy data fusion for machine condition monitoring.

A multi-information model (MID) based on digital signal processing (DSP) technology is presented. In broad wireless communication systems, harmonic distortion is one of the interference factors that have increased most rapidly in recent years due to the great increase in electronic (nonlinear) loads connected to wireless communication network (WCN). Control harmonic is a very complex procedure in WCN because of background of multi-information flow. In order to analyze and study the harmonic source and its' interference procedure to multi-information in WCN. DSP technology with multi-information processing method is introduced in this paper, and then set up a MID based on DSP. The MID is mainly used for analyzing and controlling harmonic affecting wireless communication.

To improve the sensitivity of our laser radar system, we provided a set of control method for APDs (Avalanched Photodiodes) based on single-chip computer together with the circuits dealing with noise and temperature. It adjusts the voltages intelligently and maintains the APD's optimal working status.

This paper introduces a newly developed automatic system for reliability test of silicon pressure sensor. This system performs two functions: the dynamic cycling life test and the static parameter calibration of pressure sensors. This system makes it possible that the reliability test be carried through under the integrated stresses of temperature, electricity and dynamic pressure. And the failure pressure cycling times of each test samples can be determined accurately. All the static parameters of pressure sensors can be measured automatically and precisely by this system. Test results of some pressure sensors were presented.

To get itself global position is a major performance of an autonomous mobile robot. For this purpose, various kinds of location methods and sensors are being researched and developed. A global location sensor system based on vision technique was developed in our lab. The advantages of this sensor system are a larger view field that will no need to scan landmarks around, a faster sampling rate and a more precise position resolution that could satisfy mobile robot navigation. In this paper, the system architecture and locating method are presented. Some key techniques in location processing that include image processing, landmarks optimal selecting, and increase the system precision and speed are discussed emphatically; and the experimental results are given at the last.

In this paper we demonstrated a micromechanical optical modulator fabricated by surface micromechanical techniques. This modulator is optimized for a wavelength of 1.3 micrometers and intended for a fiber-to-the-home system. The modulation voltage is between 10 - 30 V, and at this modulation voltage modulator can work stably for long time in a wide frequency range.

This paper introduces a course of realizing digital logic computation and photo computation, through processing information schlepped by photons with SLM. Through optical multiplex space interconnection system and perfect shuffle, an optical interconnection network principle and method based on optical interconnection and parallelism is presented. And a method of optical neural network of realization is simply introduced by matrix-vector multiplication.

The relation between fault and chaos is studied by tests for a two-support rotator. Some kinds of figures of the rotator vibration are observed in the fault situation such as oil- film eddy and loose bearing. The measures, which are the power spectra distribution and Poincare images, are used to identify the chaos characteristics in the signal data got from the rotator.

This paper present a solution to the problem of servo control in joint space of biped robot using a state feedback nonlinear H_(infinity ) optimal disturbance attenuation, which guarantee robust stability against external disturbance and fluctuation of the system parameter. The design aims at finding a stabilizing nonlinear state feedback such that the close loop system is (gamma) dissipative. We know that the nonlinear H_(infinity ) control can be reduced to solvability of the Hamilton-Jacobian-Isaccs partial differential problem, which is difficult to solve. Based on about fact and combining the work of Johansson and Chen, we are able deduce the problem of a state feedback nonlinear H_(infinity ) optimal disturbance attenuation to solving a Riccati-like equation. After some manipulation by use of the skew symmetric property of robot, the Riccati-like equation can be further simplified algebraic matrix problem. Finally, the explicit global solution is presented.

This paper presents an international standard device, which constantly monitors the process of measuring the flow and consistency of flue dust on-line. Based on artificial neural network, the disturbance of nonlinear factors are eliminated. The monitor effect has been well obtained.

According to the characteristics of video sensor output, a method based on DSP (Digital Signal Processor) and VLSI (Very-Large Scale Integrated Circuit) memory is provided. Firstly, this paper introduces the signal characteristics of the video sensors, e.g. high-speed 2-D array charge coupled device and infrared image devices. Then the special requests are got to process and store video signals from the point of view of output speed and data capacity. In the sequence of the function modules of normal signal processing system, the pipeline cache, pre-process, smart trigger, dynamic storage, and permanence storage of signals or data are systematically explained. And to satisfy the need of video frequency process system, different devices and operation modes are determined for every module. Among these, the selection and performance request of DSP applied in video system, the characters of all kinds of memory, and the begotten problems when they are applied in the system are described in detail. Secondly, the interfaces that utilize video FIFO, great- capacity DRAM, and flash memory for permanence storage are emphasized. In the last design, the DMA (Direct Memory Access) page operation mode is presented in detail when DSP and flash memory are used. At the end of this paper, the methods by which the video signal process system communicates with computer are introduced.

The principle and methods of anti-interference have been described in this paper. Aim to practical situations of modern distributed intelligent control system, technology of anti-interference and its application are also presented.

Aiming at the characteristic of multi-rectifying electrical sources, we put forward the Fuzzy control rules and means for its direct current control. These rules and means have been practically applied in the computer-based rectifying supervision and control system, the structure and composition theorem of a control system are presented in the article.

In the process of pulp consistency control, digital PID regulating will bring serious lag effect, because of the transmission lag, the actuator's inertia, especially the long sampling period of the moving blade consistency transmitter. It's difficult to acquire satisfactory result. In this paper, fuzzy regulating has many advantages such as high control precision, quick response speed and good stability instead of PID regulating.

When studying the crack extension of dams in use, the first problem is how to pave optical fiber. In this paper, a new kind of adhesive we developed and associated researches are introduced. The tests showed that the adhesive we have developed could meet the needs of crack monitoring on dams using OTDR monitoring technique.

In this paper, a position and speed control sensor of microrobot is developed, the method of making high-density radial grating and a new multiple frequency method are given.

The measurement of object shape is often taken by mechanical contact method. The speed of this method is very low and it is difficult to measure abnormal shape using this method. A noncontact magnetically measurement method is given in this paper. This method can detect the abnormal shape of ferromagnetic object very fast by Hall effect method and a system is set up under the control of single chip computer for measuring the shape of lathe tools.

This paper presents a new non-contact for optical torque measurement that combines light spatial modulation with light spatial filter. By precisely measuring the torsion angle of shaft, the torque on transmission line and its description of dynamics can also be obtained.

A new distributed magnetic tracker of human sport is proposed because human sport can be represented by joint angles, and magnetic sensor can be used to measure 3D angle. An arm tracker is developed, and results show the tracker validity.

A unique technique for the on-line detection of engine misfire has been developed, which is based on multiple feature integration through fuzzy pattern recognition. The technique requires the measurement of the instantaneous angular velocity signals. As more as 10 dimensionless features for the engine misfire detection are extracted by different ways. With the help of fuzzy pattern recognition, all the features are integrated together as a fuzzy vector, which identifies uniformly whether the engine is healthy or faulty at first, then locates the position of a misfiring cylinder or cylinders if it is necessary. The experimental results show that such a strategy is able to use reasonably the redundant and complementary information of all the features, and thus leads to better diagnostic reliability and efficiency.

Based on Lyapunov equation and the generalized inverse theory, the design of fault-tolerant controller processing integrity to sensor for uncertain continuous-time system is proposed int his paper. The controller which all poles of the nominal closed-loop systems are placed within a prescribed circular region through state feedback is first addressed. Then based on a new Riccati-type equation, sufficient condition is derived for the existence of the fault-tolerant controller subjected to plant parameter perturbation and sensor failure. It is shown that the proposed design method preserve asymptotic stability in the presence of parameter perturbation, as well as in the case of sensor failure.

A new approach to sensor modeling based on neural network is presented. As an example, consider the operation of a radio frequency (RF) monitor. An inverse model of the RF receiver is obtained by using BPNN and improved learning algorithm. The present paper proposed another approach to sensor modeling based on a simple functional link neural network (FLNN). In sensor modeling, using a FLNN trained by an iterated algorithm, a set of coefficients are obtained accurately. In this paper an example is given to illustrate the method. It is simple to design and compact.

This paper introduces the master-slave DRCP (Distributed Control Protocol), a new protocol for field bus. In this protocol, the master controller uses differential signals to transmit control command and to communicate with the executive units. It can control several executive units at the same time, and can also command each unit respectively. Because the protocol adopts bi-directional communication mode, the controller can obtain the feedback information and measure data from the executive units while it is sending commands. So the protocol has data acquisition ability. First, the reason and significance to bring forward this protocol is presented, then the physical link and the signals transmitted on data line is introduced, which is followed with an example based on RS485 standard. Secondly, the application situation and system configuration to utilize this protocol is described. In this part, the standard to select the operation speed of processor is given. Thirdly, the paper emphasizes on communication regulation. In the end, an applied example is given.

The old analog system of speed regulation of 8 m X 6 m wind tunnel has been successfully reformed recently. The new system realized fully digital control on 2600 kW DC motor, through rebuilding two sets of 485 V and 30 A speed regulation equipment used in controlling large power thyristor rectifier of 2-stage serial.

(F, K, l) Optical orthogonal codes (OOCs) are the best address codes applied to optical code division multiple access communication systems, but the construction of the codes is very complex. In this paper, a method of construction of the OOCs from block design is studied and a method of computer aided design is presented, by which we can construct desired (F, K, l) OOCs easily.

The constant turning force adaptive control system design is a key link of machining automation. Because of the nonlinearities, time-varying parameters and uncertainties in turning processes, it is difficult to obtain satisfied performances for modeling based control methods. In this paper, the incremental neuron model-free control method with fuzzy self-tuning gain is proposed for cutting processes. In order to reach the purposes of enhancing the control system stability and improving the dynamic performances, the new control method keeps the cutting force to be constant by changing the controller gain on-line when a cutting tool cuts at various cutting depths or the spindle operates in different speeds. The simulation results of using the new neuron controller for a cutting process show that very strong robustness, good disturbances resistant and satisfied performances are obtained. The new control method is very simple and can be easily implemented in practical cutting processes.

This paper summarizes AGV electromagnetic guided and detecting technology of Yunnan Yuxi Cigarette Factory and investigates new-style AGV laser guided and communication technology of Yunnan Honghe Cigarette Factory.

Some characters of thick-wall pipeline with high dynamic pressure were analyzed and the ways to detect its pressure was discussed. It has been proven by certain experiments that the parameters of dynamic pressure in the pipeline can be gained by utilizing its strain signals at pipeline. The result can be used to monitor the condition of fuel system in engine or the condition of hydraulic system in construction machinery, mine machine and vehicle.

This paper presents a method of road-traffic parameter detection using optical sensor. It can effectively detect road-traffic parameters by analyzing vehicle and scene information extracted from image. It merely needs optical sensors to complete road-traffic parameter detection in bi- directional and four-lane highway or urban road. The experimental results show that the correct rate of detection is close to 92%, and real-time performance is satisfactory.

The forward generating neural network is a special network for solving mapping problems. Its background, characteristics and training are introduced. The main advantages of this neural network are its rapid training and the accuracy of its output.

To avoid fire and obstruct its spread, the building should be divided into some different districts. This can be made by some stationary doors and movable firewalls. Once the fire is taken somewhere, the sensors work by the fume, temperature, and flame as well as gas immediately. Meanwhile the intelligent control system starts. It passes the tidings to the center unit. At the same time, it sets those doors and walls on to work quickly. The intelligent control system we designed is made with a digital circuit instead of traditional switch one. The whole control of separate units and the center one is made through the communication net. This system can lead the doors and walls work in a better way in many cases. Its reliability is high and the cost is low.

A new generalized cost criterion based learning algorithm for diagonal recurrent neural networks is presented, which is with form of recursive prediction error (RPE) and has second convergent order. A guideline for the choice of the optimal learning rate is derived from convergence analysis. The application of this method to dynamic modeling of typical chemical processes shows that the generalized cost criterion RPE (QRPE) has higher modeling precision than BP trained MLP and quadratic cost criterion trained RPE (QRPE).

Grinding is one of the most complex and unpredictable metal- removing processes. Based on the in situ repairing operation in turbine blades, this paper presents a novel welding and grinding system, which consists of a portable robot and its control system, a novel waist F/T sensor and its control system, camera and image processing card, welding gun and grinding well. The robot can be moved and can be conveniently operated by one man. At the same time, it is fit into a 600 mm hole (access hole) and can reach over 90% of the total blade surface. Its productivity increases three times compared to man operation.

The principle of ellipsometry measurement and the foundation of the ellipsoidal equation were detailedly described, and the genetic algorithm was introduced to the calculation for refractivity and thickness of film, which ameliorates the astringency and the convergent speed. Emphatically discussed the designation of genetic operators according to the computing program flow chart.

According to the Fuzzy Control theory, the application of Fuzzy-PID in the air pressure automatic control system is discussed in this paper.

The principle and structure of an intelligent large direct current measurement is presented in this paper. It is of reflective type and detects signal by employing the high direct current sensor. The single-chip microcomputer of this system provides a powerful function of control and processing and greatly improves the extent of intelligence. The value can be displayed and printed automatically or manually.

Recently, lost of experiences in the synergy between the fields of Robotics and Virtual Reality have been working. Those researches have shown that the symbiosis of robot techniques with VR techniques can break new grounds in the field of robotics. In this paper, we built a system with virtual reality man-machine interface for underwater robot tele-operation. One of our purposes is to best setup a virtual reality man-machine interactive control for tele- present by proposed method: VSCM (Virtual Supervisor Control Method). Based on VSCM, using technology of fusing information coming from both real sensors and virtual sensors the effectiveness and precision of underwater robot are improved.110

The PTC thermistors with super-low resistivity less than 10(Omega) (DOT) cm were prepared using (Ba_1-xCa_x)Ti_1.02O_{34/ as material by conventional routine. The effect of Ca content on the room temperature resistivity and electronic properties on Sb(subscript 2}O₃, Nb₂O₅- codoped Ba_1-xCa_xTi_1.02O₃ ceramics has been investigated. When the concentration of Ca was lower than 8.0% mol, the room temperature resistivity as well as R_max/R_min are reduced and the ranging of Curie point (T_c) is widened with increasing of the concentration of Ca. As the concentration of Ca is beyond 8.0%mol, the room temperature resistivity increasing abruptly with increasing of the content of Ca.

The regularity of the effect of Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂-doped on the electrical properties of low voltage ZnO varistor was studied. The effects of annealing temperature on the electric characteristics of samples were discussed and the mechanism of Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂-doped was analyzed. It is found that the electric properties of Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂- doped samples are better than Bi₂O₃- and TiO₂- doped samples, and the samples of Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂- doped can overcome the weakness of Bi₂O₃ volatilization at high temperature. For 0.5mol% Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂-doped samples sintered at 1280 degree(s)C for 2h, the electric properties were that V_1mA equals 45v, (alpha) > 32, I_L < 3 (mu) A.

A new processing technique for thin film tin oxide gas sensor has been described in this paper. Oxygen plasma is used as film sensitizing tool, in which the temperature only goes up to 190 degree(s)C for a short time. By using this technique, the tin oxide thin film sensors with smooth, uniform surface have been made with a reasonable sensitivity to the CO gas at room temperature. The oxygen plasma treatment decreases both film resistivity and film grain size. This new technique makes the tin oxide sensor fabrication compatible with the microelectronic processing.

The fabrication processes of the photoelement using Si planar technology and the ion implantation method are described in this paper. The phototriodes with high amplification coefficient are produced by controlling the time and the temperature of diffusion. Some samples are tested with JT-1 type transistor characteristic graphic instrument and the photoelectric spectrophotometer. It is found that the breakdown voltage and the amplification coefficient are very good, and the response to homogeneous light, especially to the light of 515 nm, is consonant with the demands.

The working principle and electrical characteristics of piezoelectric ceramic transformer (PCT) as well as its application to make high voltage power supply are introduced at first. A high voltage power supply stepping-up voltage by using PMMN quaternary piezoelectric ceramic was fabricated successfully. It can meet completely the technical standards of radar monitor overall. More importantly, in comparison to the conventional transformer the PMMN PCT has many novel features: very high step-up ratio, small in size, light in weight; it can't be burnt while the load circuit is shortened. These advantages not only enhance the working reliability of radar overall but also just meet the development demands to make the military productions minimized, lighten and flexible.

Infrared clutter rejection is especially crucial and very difficulty when the point targets have complicated background such as cloud, ocean waves irradiated by sunlight. In this letter, we introduce a new algorithm of point targets detection based on wavelet. The modulus maximum of adjacent positive-negative in fine scale has been proved to be correspondence to point-like targets. So the strong clutter can be highly suppressed in this way. Experiment results show the method has good performances.

The effects of process variables, such as sintering temperature, cooling rate, calcination, balling time on the microstructure and electrical properties of the low voltage ZnO varistor have been investigated. There exists a maximum sintering temperature when the breakdown field is the lowest. The results provide information about the grain size control to fabricate low voltage ZnO varistor, as well as the relationship between the microstructure and the varistor performance. We discussed the sintering temperature dependence of breakdown field in terms of the formation rate of grain core and grain growth rate.

A new process for low-temperature crystallization of amorphous Si (a-Si) films, metal-induced lateral crystallization (MILC), was developed. In our work, Al metal was adopted for the purpose of enhancing the crystallization of a-Si. The a-Si films right under the Al films were crystallized to the poly-Si films at the initial stage of annealing. These crystalline seeds were then grown laterally into Al-free area without further nucleation (lateral crystallization), thus obtaining large-grained poly-Si films with no metal contamination. The crystallinity was examined by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results show that during MILC, the lowest temperature of Al induced lateral crystallization is about 300 degree(s)C and the crystallinity was enhanced while the temperature increased. This low temperature contamination-free lateral crystallization phenomenon may be applicable to the low temperature fabrication of poly-Si TFTs on the glass substrates.

The microminiature inertial measurement system, a new style of the inertial measurement system, has many advantages compared with the traditional one, such as small size, light weight, low cost, little power consumption, high bearing capacity and long life. Undoubtedly, it will have wider applications in military and commercial fields. However, it is a pity that current micro inertial sensors do not have enough accuracy. Therefore, its applications were limited to some extent. This paper described a design of microminiature inertial measurement system and its composing and operating theory. In addition, its performance and applications were evaluated.

Amorphous rare earth-transition metal (RE-TM) alloy films are being studied as a galvanomagnetic sensor or magneto- optic storage media. The Hall effect of the magnetic films is composed of the ordinary Hall effect and extraordinary Hall effect. The magnetic and magneto-optical properties of RE-TM alloys were investigated. We found that the Hall resistivity (rho) _H is large because of the large magnetic saturation M_s and electrical resistivity (rho) in amorphous film; Kerr rotation angle (theta) , and reflectivity R for SmDyFeCo films increase with increasing P_w, reaches their maximum and then decreases. The coercivity H_c increases with increasing P_w; the magnetic domains of present store information films by adding Nd, which were smaller in diameter than the present material of DyFeCo film at short wavelength, have been explored. It is also found that the experimental domain diameter of amorphous film is smaller than that of present film. So the recording density will be higher; Kerr rotation angle (theta) _k and reflectivity R, for double-layered films of AlN/TbFeCo/glass have been verified.

Sensor, influencing on system's performances, is one of some key techniques in x-ray industrial computed tomography (CT) systems. Instead of common sensors such as temperature, humidity, pressure and optic fiber, the sensor used for detecting x- or (gamma) -ray in industrial CT system, generally is called nuclear radiation detector, so that the radiation energy involved in tested information can be transformed into electric signals easy to be measured. Considering the existing problems for sensor (or detector) in CT systems, a new sensor is experimented by using optoelectronic integrated technique with optic fiber face- plate for optically coupling and transmission, and it is beneficial to the performances with high integrated, high efficiency, high resolution, miniaturized and low cost in industrial CT systems.

The phase structure and phase transform were discussed on (alpha) -titanium thin foils after hydrogen absorption by XRD. The hydrogen concentration of TiHx was from X equals 0.27 to 1.87. It was found that with the increase of X the (alpha) -TiHx was gradually transformed into (gamma) -T_iH_x. The changes of phase transform ratio and the lattice parameters possessed of a similar relation with hydrogen concentration. The properties could be used for the detection of hydrogen sensor.

The orientation of the Zn/Au/Si structure was examined by XRD. The experiment showed that the ZnO/Au/Si films deposited by magnetron sputtering were possessed of a preferred orientation in C axis perpendicular to the film surface. The (111) of Au film was possessed of a preferred <111> orientation which was perpendicular to the film surface also. The XRD (theta) approximately 2 (theta) scan irradiated that there were only (001) peaks in excellent orientated ZnO films. The rock cure scan demonstrated that the C axis of ZnO film was not exactly perpendicular to the surface, the angular divergence was about 2 degree(s), and the space divergence angle about 1.5 degree(s). Expert the (kkk) main peaks of Au film there were weak diffraction peaks, such as (002), (022), and (311) peaks. The phenomena indicated that in Au film there was not only (111) plane in parallel to the surface of substrate. As there was only 12% dis-matching between Au (111) and ZnO (001), the Au (111) oriented film was facilitated for the ZnO (001) orientation in C axis and deposing parameters adjustment.

The ZnO film with 6 mm symmetry is one kind of functional films with different use. The columnar microstructure in the film has an affect on the properties of materials. In this paper, ZnO/Si film was deposited by planar magnetron sputtering. The columnar microstructure was examined with SEM and TEM. The SEM cross image of cross-section clearly showed that the ZnO film was constituted of columnar microstructure, the crystal grain grow up with C-axis perpendicular to the film surface. The orientation columnar grain structure is then formed. On the other hand, SEM image is only the morphology of the cross section and can't obtain the directly conclusion. In this paper the TEM cross- sectional examination is also carried out. The TEM examination includes transmission image and micro-area electronic diffraction analysis. The TEM image showed that the size of columnar microstructure is about 120 nm. The axis of the microstructure was parallel to the C axis of film. There was inclination, branch, meandering, and integration. The diameter of the structure was not uniform along the axis. The border area of the structure was formed by low-density materials.

A brand-new photoelectric detector for monitoring the fluctuation of transmitted light is introduced in this article. The state of aggregation and the detailed flocculation process of particles can be analyzed and monitored by this method. In particular, the output of the monitor is the ratio of fluctuation signal and the transmitted light intensity, the R(Ratio)value, which remains unaffected by fouling of optical surfaces of electrical elements. This provides a unique monitoring technique in oily wastewater treatment. Results have shown that the monitor is quite successful for controlling the coagulant dosages through pilot scale studies in DaQing oil field.

Many optical range sensors use an Equal Angle Increment (EAI) sampling. This type of sensors uses rotating mirrors with constant angular velocity for radar and triangulation techniques, where the sensor sends and receives modulated coherent light through the mirror. Such an EAI model generates data for surface geometrical description that has to be converted, in many applications, into data which meet the desired Equal Distance Increment orthographic projection model. For an accurate analysis in 3D images, an interpolation scheme is needed to resample the range data into spatially equally-distance sampling data that emulate the Cartesian orthographic projection model. In this paper, a resampling approach using a B-Spline surface fitting is proposed. The first step is to select a new scale for all X, Y, Z directions based on the 3D Cartesian coordinates of range data obtained from the sensor parameters. The size of the new range image and the new coordinates of each point are then computed. The new range value is obtained using a B-Spline surface fitting based on the new Cartesian coordinates. The experiments show that this resampling approach provides a geometrically accurate solution for many industrial applications which deploy the EAI sampling sensors.