Discrete variable quantum photonic circuits rely on the interference between indistinguishable photons to produce non-classical results. However, indistinguishability between photons is often spoiled due to timing delays, different spectral profiles, or the presence of unwanted spectral correlations. Additionally, variability in circuit components can introduce further errors. Here we present a method for simulating the frequency domain response of quantum photonic integrated circuits (PICs), allowing the fidelity and probability of success of realistic quantum circuits to be characterized. As an example, we first model the biphoton wavefunction produced by spontaneous four-wave mixing in a silicon nitride microring resonator, then use our methodology to simulate the interference between heralded signal photons from two such sources in the presence of spectral correlations and circuit component variability due to manufacturing imperfections.
Despite tremendous progress in the integrated photonics ecosystem over recent years, and the commercial success of many products, there remain some important challenges and opportunities. We discuss some of the key simulation challenges related to the design, simulation, and optimization of advanced components such as lasers, isolators, and novel passive components created with photonic inverse design methods. We also discuss system level simulation challenges such as handling spatial correlations when performing statistical analysis and dealing with thermal management.
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