Mr. Christopher J. Stolz Profile

Christopher J. Stolz

Associate Program Manager at Lawrence Livermore National Lab

SPIE Involvement:

Senior Members Committee | Conference Program Committee | Author | Editor

Publications (97)

Proceedings Article | 18 December 2024 Presentation + Paper

High fluence oblique incidence low retardation multilayer dielectric mirror

Gener Gatmaitan, Christopher Stolz, Saaxewer Diop, Colin Harthcock, Amira Guediche, Eyal Feigenbaum, Tsion Teklemarim, Matt Brophy

Proceedings Volume 13190, 1319007 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3033696

KEYWORDS: Coating, Dielectrics, Coating thickness, Laser damage threshold, Design, Silica, Resistance, Laser induced damage, High reflection coatings, Electric fields

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Proceedings Article | 24 November 2023 Presentation + Paper

Monte Carlo analysis of ISO and raster scan laser damage protocols: part 2

Christopher Stolz

Proceedings Volume 12726, 127260F (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2684458

KEYWORDS: Raster graphics, Laser induced damage, Monte Carlo methods, Laser damage threshold, National Ignition Facility, Gaussian beams, Beam wander, Beam diameter

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Proceedings Article | 24 November 2023 Presentation + Paper

THGs for NIF operations (>2 MJ NIF operations)

Kathleen Schaffers, Christopher Stolz, John Adams, Raluca Negres, Marcus Monticelli

Proceedings Volume 12726, 1272603 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2684120

KEYWORDS: Crystals, National Ignition Facility, Polarization, Laser induced damage, Fabrication, Shadows, Silica, Laser processing, Frequency conversion, Absorption

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Proceedings Article | 17 March 2023 Presentation

Recent laser performance improvements and latest results at the National Ignition Facility

Jean-Michel Di Nicola, Tayyab Suratwala, Lawrence Pelz, John Heebner, David Alessi, Anumeha Bhasker, Tiziana Bond, Mark Bowers, Gordon Brunton, Brandon Buckley, Alicia Calonico Soto, Wren Carr, Leyen Chang, Jason Chou, Simon Cohen, David Cross, Rich Deveno, Peter Devore, Michael Erickson, Catalin Filip, Nathan Gottesman, Apurva Gowda, Dan Kalantar, Abe Handler, Vincent Hernandez, Sandrine Herriot, Christopher Kinsella, Tom Lanier, Doug Larson, Brian MacGowan, Samuel McLaren, Ken Manes, Kathleen McCandless, Christopher Miller, Marcus Monticelli, Ryan Muir, Mario Ordonez, Alan Pao, Jordan Penner, Travis Petersen, Shahida Rana, Brett Raymond, River Aden, Nathan Ruiz, Sam Schrauth, Stanley Sommer, Mary Spaeth, Christopher Stolz, Diana VanBlarcom, Bruno Van Wonterghem, Alexander Wargo, Lei Wang, Paul Wegner, Brian Welday, Pam Whitman, Nan Wong

Proceedings Volume PC12401, PC1240103 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2655251

KEYWORDS: National Ignition Facility, Fusion energy, Yield improvement, Space operations, Pulsed laser operation, Pulse shaping, Plasma, Neodymium glass lasers, Laser systems engineering, Laser energy

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Proceedings Article | 14 March 2023 Presentation + Paper

High repetition rate, high energy petawatt laser for the matter in extreme conditions upgrade

Brendan Reagan, MariAnn Albrecht, David Alessi, Mark Ammons, Saumyabrata Banerjee, Cris Barillas, Frantisek Batysta, Brandon Buckley, Alex Chemali, Erin Clark, Edwin Davila, Robert Deri, Kevin Eseltine, Barry Fishler, E. Steve Fulkerson, Justin Galbraith, Thomas Galvin, Anthony Gonzales, Vinod Gopalan, Sandrine Herriot, Zbynek Hubka, Jessica Jimenez, Leily Kiani, Ed Koh, Rotem Kupfer, Zhi Liao, Jeremy Lusk, Hoang Nguyen, Ashay Patel, Aaron Peer, John Peterson, Robert Plummer, Kathleen Schaffers, Emily Sistrunk, Thomas Spinka, Christopher Stolz, Issa Tamer, Vincent Tang, Steve Telford, Kenneth Terzi, Pamela Utley, Katherine Velas, Anthony Vella, J. Nan Wong

Proceedings Volume 12401, 124010A (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2650137

KEYWORDS: Pulsed laser operation, Laser systems engineering, Semiconductor lasers, Laser energy, Laser development, Fusion energy, High power lasers, Equipment, X-ray sources, Plasmas

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Proceedings Article | 3 December 2022 Presentation

Identifying, understanding, and suppressing of ns laser damage precursors in dielectric thin films

S. Roger Qiu, Colin Harthcock, Raluca Negres, Chris Stolz, Gabe Guss, Vanessa Peters, Paul Mirkarimi, Eyal Feigenbaum, Thomas Voisin, Josh Hammons, Chris Colla, Harris Mason, Mengbing Huang

Proceedings Volume PC12300, PC123000P (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2642498

KEYWORDS: Laser induced damage, Dielectrics, Thin films, Optical coatings, Ultraviolet radiation, Thin film coatings, Systems modeling, Sputter deposition, Pulsed laser operation, Monte Carlo methods

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Proceedings Article | 2 December 2022 Presentation + Paper

1077-nm, CW mirror thin film damage competition

Raluca Negres, Christopher Stolz, Sage DeFrances, David Bernot, Joseph Randi, Jeffrey Thomas

Proceedings Volume 12300, 1230002 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2641371

KEYWORDS: Continuous wave operation, Absorption, Laser induced damage, Deposition processes, Laser irradiation, Thin films

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SPIE Journal Paper | 22 December 2021 Open Access

Special Section Guest Editorial: Frontiers of Optical Coatings

Xinbin Cheng, Sven Schroder, Christopher Stolz, Xu Liu

OE, Vol. 61, Issue 03, 031201, (December 2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.61.3.031201

KEYWORDS: Optical coatings, Optical engineering, Reflectivity, Hybrid fiber optics, Thin film coatings, Optical fiber cables, Absorption, Oxygen, Mirrors, Laser systems engineering

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Proceedings Article | 3 December 2021 Presentation + Paper

Evaluation of alumina and silica coating materials for the NIF final turning mirrors

Christopher Stolz, Jian-gang Weng, Tsion Teklemarim, Matt Brophy, Pete Kupinski

Proceedings Volume 11910, 1191010 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2598577

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Silica, Coating, National Ignition Facility, Laser induced damage, Resistance, Refractive index, Scanning electron microscopy, Reflectors, Reflection

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Proceedings Article | 19 November 2021 Presentation + Paper

The influence of oxygen partial pressure on the properties of evaporated alumina thin films

Tsion Teklemarim, Christopher Stolz, Matt Brophy, Michael Pierce, Pete Kupinski

Proceedings Volume 11910, 119100Y (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2599213

KEYWORDS: Oxygen, Aluminum, Absorption, Thin films, Water, Refractive index, Silica, Ultraviolet radiation, Resistance, Laser induced damage

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Proceedings Article | 19 November 2021 Presentation + Paper

515-nm, femtosecond laser mirror thin film damage competition

Raluca Negres, Christopher Stolz, Gintarė Batavičiūtė, Andrius Melninkaitis

Proceedings Volume 11910, 119100B (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2597206

KEYWORDS: Deposition processes, Laser induced damage, Thin film coatings, Femtosecond phenomena, Mirrors, Atomic layer deposition, Pulsed laser operation, Pulsed fiber lasers

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2021 Presentation + Paper

Ion beam sputtering of large scale dichroic mirror for fifth-harmonic separation

Mathias Mende, Konrad Schrader, Wolfgang Ebert, James Folta, Christopher Stolz

Proceedings Volume 11872, 118720F (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2597747

KEYWORDS: Coating, Thin films, Sputter deposition, Refractive index, High laser damage threshold optical coatings, High harmonic generation, Dielectric mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 9 November 2020 Presentation + Paper

532-nm, nanosecond laser mirror thin film damage competition

Raluca Negres, Christopher Stolz, Gintarė Batavičiūtė, Andrius Melninkaitis

Proceedings Volume 11514, 115140L (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2566691

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Thin films, Coating, Reflectors, Resistance, Deposition processes, Laser induced damage, Polarizers, Fabry–Perot interferometers, Interference filters

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Proceedings Article | 11 September 2020 Presentation

Nodular-defect-induced light intensification over a range of multilayer mirror reflectance

Christopher Stolz, Eyal Feigenbaum

Proceedings Volume 11514, 115140T (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2570624

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Reflectivity, Multilayers, Silica, Coating, Near infrared, Polarization

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Proceedings Article | 11 September 2020 Presentation

Towards understanding the difference in ultraviolet, ns-laser damage resistance between hafnia films produced by electron beam evaporation and ion beam sputtering methods

Vanessa Peters, S. Roger Qiu, Colin Harthcock, Raluca Negres, Thomas Voisin, Eyal Feigenbaum, Gabe Guss, Christopher Stolz, M. Huang

Proceedings Volume 11514, 1151416 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2572814

KEYWORDS: Laser induced damage, Ultraviolet radiation, Resistance, Electron beams, Ion beams, Sputter deposition, Deposition processes, Dielectrics, Refractive index, Laser development

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It is well known that dielectric coatings used in high energy laser systems for beam steering are susceptible to laser damage. The laser damage ensued in high refractive index materials, such as hafnia, is responsible for limiting the laser operation fluence and lifetime. Although hafnia is an ideal high refractive index material used in dielectric coatings for a broad range of laser wavelengths, defects developed during the deposition process leads to laser-induced damage. In order to increase the resistance to laser damage and improve laser performance, it is imperative to understand the underlying physics of laser damage in high index coating materials. Earlier work observed a substantial difference in laser damage thresholds for hafnia coatings produced by different deposition methods, yet the underlying mechanisms for the observed difference remains elusive. In this work we investigated the responses of single layer hafnia films produced by two deposition processes, electron beam (e-beam) evaporation and ion beam sputtering (IBS) methods upon UV ns-laser exposure. The films underwent laser damage testing using a 1-on-1 laser damage testing protocol with a beam size of 650 µm (1/e2) at 355 nm and 8 ns pulse duration. Both S and P polarizations were tested at a 45° angle of incidence. Chemical, structural and morphological characterizations of the films both pre- and post-laser damage were performed using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, glancing incidence X-Ray diffraction, and optical and scanning/transmission electron microscopy. We found that films deposited from the e-beam process had a higher damage onset threshold (4.4 +/- 0.1 J/cm2) than those deposited by IBS method (2.1 +/- 0.2 J/cm2). Furthermore, a polarization-dependent damage threshold onset was observed for the e-beam evaporated coatings but was not observed in IBS films. Although the typical size of the damage in general is larger for the e-beam produced films, the morphology shows similar foamy appearance in both films. The density of the damage sites, on the other hand, was much greater in the IBS produced films than that by the e-beam method. The observed difference can be attributed to their resulting structural/textural differences inherited in each method: porous in the e-beam films and dense with isolated nanobubbles in the IBS films, which can lead to a large difference in laser-defect coupling. The underlying physical mechanism will be discussed in detail. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. IM Release# LLNL-ABS-809117

Proceedings Article | 20 November 2019 Paper

1064-nm, nanosecond laser mirror thin film damage competition

Raluca Negres, Christopher Stolz, Michael Thomas, Mark Caputo

Proceedings Volume 11173, 111730N (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2531861

KEYWORDS: Laser induced damage, Deposition processes, Thin film coatings, Thin films, Mirrors, Laser applications, Pulsed laser operation

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Proceedings Article | 20 November 2019 Presentation + Paper

Monte Carlo analysis of ISO and raster scan laser damage protocols

Christopher Stolz, Raluca Negres, Jonathan Arenberg

Proceedings Volume 11173, 111731M (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2536443

KEYWORDS: Laser induced damage, Monte Carlo methods, Laser damage threshold, Error analysis, Coating

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SPIE Journal Paper | 18 December 2018 Open Access

Ten-year summary of the Boulder Damage Symposium annual thin film laser damage competition

Christopher Stolz, Raluca Negres

OE, Vol. 57, Issue 12, 121910, (December 2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.57.12.121910

KEYWORDS: Coating, Thin films, Laser induced damage, Deposition processes, Refractive index, Mirrors, Laser damage threshold, Polarization, Resistance, Hybrid fiber optics

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The thin film damage competition series at the Boulder Damage Symposium provides an opportunity to observe general trends in laser damage behavior between different coating types (high reflector, antireflector, polarizer, and Fabry–Perot filter), wavelength ranges (193 to 1064 nm), and pulse length ranges (40 fs to 18 ns). Additionally, the impact of deposition process, coating material, cleaning process, and layer count can be studied within a single year or more broadly across the history of this competition. Although there are instances where participants attempted to isolate a single variable to better understand its impact on laser resistance, this series of competitions isolates the variable of the damage testing service and protocol for a wide variety of participants to enable the observation of general trends. In total, 275 samples from 58 different participants have been tested at four different laser damage testing facilities over the last 10 years. Hafnia was clearly the best high refractive index material except for ultraviolet (UV) applications, although a wide range of high refractive index materials performed well. The best deposition process varied significantly between the different competitions. The best deposition process was dependent on the coating type, wavelength, and pulse duration. For 1064-nm coatings with nanosecond scale pulse lengths, e-beam coatings tended to be the best performers. For short-pulse length NIR mirrors and nanosecond pulse length UV mirrors, densified coating processes, which all involved sputtering of the target material, were the best performers. For UV antireflector (AR) coatings and excimer mirrors, both tested at nanosecond pulse lengths, they tended to favor very low energetic deposition methods yielding soft coatings, such as sol gel dip coating for the AR and resistive heating of fluorides for the excimer mirrors. Finally, cleaning method and layer count had a less obvious correlation with laser resistance over the history of this thin film damage competition series.

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Proceedings Article | 26 November 2018 Open Access

Trends Observed in Ten Years of the BDS Thin Film Laser Damage Competition (Conference Presentation)

Christopher Stolz, Raluca Negres

Proceedings Volume 10805, 1080508 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2501954

KEYWORDS: Coating, Thin films, Laser induced damage, Mirrors, Deposition processes, Ultraviolet radiation, Resistance, Refractive index, Excimers, Thin film coatings

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The thin film damage competition series at the Boulder Damage Symposium provides an opportunity to observe general trends in laser damage behavior between different coating types (high reflector, anti-reflector, Polarizer, and Fabry-Perot filter), wavelength ranges (193 – 1064 nm), and pulse length ranges (40 fs – 18 ns). Additionally, the impact of deposition process, coating material, cleaning process, and layer count can be studied within a single year or more broadly across the history of this competition. Although there are instances where participants attempted to isolate a single variable to better understand it’s impact on laser resistance, this series of competitions isolates the variable of the damage testing service and protocol for a wide variety of participants. In total 275 samples from 58 different participants have been tested at four different laser damage testing facilities over the last ten years. Hafnia was clearly the best high refractive index material except for UV applications; although a wide range of high refractive index materials performed well. The best deposition process varied significantly between the different competitions, so it was much more strongly dependent on the coating type, wavelength, and pulse duration. For 1064 nm coatings with nanosecond scale pulse lengths, e-beam coatings tended to be the best performers. For short pulse length NIR mirrors and nanosecond pulse length UV mirrors, densified coating processes which all involved sputtering of the target material were the best performers. For UV AR coatings and excimer mirrors, both tested at nanosecond pulse lengths, they tended to favor very low energetic deposition methods yielding soft coatings such as sol gel dip coating for the AR and resistive heating of fluorides for the excimer mirrors. Finally cleaning method and layer count have had a less obvious correlation with laser resistance over the history of this thin film damage competition.

Proceedings Article | 16 November 2018 Paper

1064-nm, nanosecond laser mirror thin film damage competition

Raluca Negres, Christopher Stolz, Michael Thomas, Mark Caputo

Proceedings Volume 10805, 108050Y (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2324022

KEYWORDS: Deposition processes, Laser induced damage, Thin films, Mirrors, Thin film coatings, Optical coatings, Reflectors

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Proceedings Article | 5 June 2018 Paper

Transport mirror laser damage mitigation technologies on the National Ignition Facility

Christopher Stolz, S. Roger Qiu, Raluca Negres, Issac Bass, Phil Miller, David Cross, James Davis, Stanley Sommer, Clay Widmayer, Brian MacGowan, Pamela Whitman, Paul Wegner

Proceedings Volume 10691, 106910W (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2323284

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Laser induced damage, National Ignition Facility, Particles, Backscatter, Plasma, Optical coatings, Laser optics, Reflection

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Proceedings Article | 23 November 2017 Paper

355-nm, nanosecond laser mirror thin film damage competition

Raluca Negres, Christopher Stolz, Michael Thomas, Mark Caputo

Proceedings Volume 10447, 104470X (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2279981

KEYWORDS: Laser induced damage, Deposition processes, Thin films, Thin film coatings, Reflectivity, Mirrors, Raster graphics, Ultraviolet coatings

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Proceedings Article | 26 June 2017 Presentation + Paper

ELI-beamlines: progress in development of next generation short-pulse laser systems

B. Rus, P. Bakule, D. Kramer, J. Naylon, J. Thoma, M. Fibrich, J. Green, J. C. Lagron, R. Antipenkov, J. Bartoníček, F. Batysta, R. Baše, R. Boge, S. Buck, J. Cupal, M. A. Drouin, M. Ďurák, B. Himmel, T. Havlíček, P. Homer, A. Honsa, M. Horáček, P. Hríbek, J Hubáček, Z. Hubka, G. Kalinchenko, K. Kasl, L. Indra, P. Korous, M. Košelja, L. Koubíková, M. Laub, T. Mazanec, A. Meadows, J. Novák, D. Peceli, J. Polan, D. Snopek, V. Šobr, P. Trojek, B. Tykalewicz, P. Velpula, E. Verhagen, Š. Vyhlídka, J. Weiss, C. Haefner, A. Bayramian, S. Betts, A. Erlandson, J. Jarboe, G. Johnson, J. Horner, D. Kim, E. Koh, C. Marshall, D. Mason, E. Sistrunk, D. Smith, T. Spinka, J. Stanley, C. Stolz, T. Suratwala, S. Telford, T. Ditmire, E. Gaul, M. Donovan, C. Frederickson, G. Friedman, D. Hammond, D. Hidinger, G. Chériaux, A. Jochmann, M. Kepler, C. Malato, M. Martinez, T. Metzger, M. Schultze, P. Mason, K. Ertel, A. Lintern, C. Edwards, C. Hernandez-Gomez, J. Collier

Proceedings Volume 10241, 102410J (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2269818

KEYWORDS: Laser systems engineering, Optical amplifiers, Pulsed laser operation, Semiconductor lasers, Laser development, Laser applications, Cryogenics, Oscillators, Amplifiers, Picosecond phenomena

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Proceedings Article | 26 June 2017 Open Access

High average power, diode pumped petawatt laser systems: a new generation of lasers enabling precision science and commercial applications

C. Haefner, A. Bayramian, S. Betts, R. Bopp, S. Buck, J. Cupal, M. Drouin, A. Erlandson, J. Horáček, J. Horner, J. Jarboe, K. Kasl, D. Kim, E. Koh, L. Koubíková, W. Maranville, C. Marshall, D. Mason, J. Menapace, P. Miller, P. Mazurek, A. Naylon, J. Novák, D. Peceli, P. Rosso, K. Schaffers, E. Sistrunk, D. Smith, T. Spinka, J. Stanley, R. Steele, C. Stolz, T. Suratwala, S. Telford, J. Thoma, D. VanBlarcom, J. Weiss, P. Wegner

Proceedings Volume 10241, 1024102 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2281050

KEYWORDS: Laser applications, Laser systems engineering, Pulsed laser operation, Amplifiers, Semiconductor lasers, Diodes, Laser energy, Laser development, Physics, Positron emission tomography

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Proceedings Article | 6 December 2016 Paper

Impacts of SiO2 planarization on optical thin film properties and laser damage resistance

T. Day, H. Wang, E. Jankowska, B. Reagan, J. Rocca, C. Stolz, P. Mirkarimi, J. Folta, J. Roehling, A. Markosyan, R. Route, M. Fejer, C. Menoni

Proceedings Volume 10014, 1001422 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2245058

KEYWORDS: Dielectrophoresis, Silica, Laser induced damage, Thin films, Etching, Hybrid fiber optics, Absorption, Argon, Molybdenum, Ions

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Proceedings Article | 6 December 2016 Paper

40-fs broadband low dispersion mirror thin film damage competition

Raluca Negres, Christopher Stolz, Kyle R. Kafka, Enam Chowdhury, Matt Kirchner, Kevin Shea, Meaghan Daly

Proceedings Volume 10014, 100140E (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2244758

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Thin films, Deposition processes, Laser induced damage, Resistance, Thin film coatings, Hybrid fiber optics, Raster graphics, Optical coatings, Silver

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Proceedings Article | 14 December 2015 Paper

Impact of particle shape on the laser-contaminant interaction induced damage on the protective capping layer of 1high reflector mirror coatings

S. Qiu, M. Norton, J. Honig, A. Rubenchik, C. Boley, A. Rigatti, C. Stolz, M. Matthews

Proceedings Volume 9632, 963208 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2195517

KEYWORDS: Optical spheres, Particles, Silica, Laser induced damage, Plasma, Spherical lenses, Mirrors, Multilayers, Reflectors, Cameras

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Proceedings Article | 23 November 2015 Paper

Test station development for laser-induced optical damage performance of broadband multilayer dielectric coatings

K. R. P. Kafka, E. A. Chowdhury, R. Negres, C. Stolz, J. Bude, A. Bayramian, C. Marshall, T. Spinka, C. Haefner

Proceedings Volume 9632, 96321C (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2195786

KEYWORDS: Raster graphics, Optical coatings, Laser development, Laser induced damage, Dielectrics, Multilayers, Manufacturing, Cameras, Laser systems engineering, Picosecond phenomena

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Proceedings Article | 23 November 2015 Paper

150-ps broadband low dispersion mirror thin film damage competition

Christopher Stolz, Raluca Negres, Kyle Kafka, Enam Chowdhury, Matt Kirchner, Kevin Shea, Meaghan Daly

Proceedings Volume 9632, 96320C (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2195592

KEYWORDS: Titanium dioxide, Coating, Laser induced damage, Mirrors, Resistance, Silica, Thin films, Deposition processes, Refractive index, Silver

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Proceedings Article | 23 November 2015 Paper

Characterization of laser-induced damage by picosecond pulses on multi-layer dielectric coatings for petawatt-class lasers

Raluca Negres, Christopher Carr, Isaac Bass, David Alessi, Ted Laurence, Ken Stanion, Gabe Guss, David Cross, Paul Wegner, Christopher Stolz

Proceedings Volume 9632, 963206 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2195528

KEYWORDS: Laser beam diagnostics, Thin film deposition, Optical materials characterization, Resistance, Picosecond phenomena, Pulsed laser operation, Laser induced damage, Dielectrics, Optical coatings, Laser systems engineering, National Ignition Facility, Laser-matter interactions, Raster graphics, Laser energy, Calibration, Inspection

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 2015 Paper

Depth determination of critical fluence-limiting defects within planarized and non-planarized mirror coatings

Christopher Stolz, Justin Wolfe, Paul Mirkarimi, James Folta, John Adams, Marlon Menor, Rajesh Raman, Norm Neilsen, Mary Norton, Ronald Luthi, Nick Teslich, Carmen Menoni, Dinesh Patel

Proceedings Volume 9627, 96271C (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2197349

KEYWORDS: Silica, Mirrors, Laser induced damage, Thin film coatings, Etching, Optical coatings, Resistance, Multilayers, Scanning electron microscopy, Thin films

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Proceedings Article | 31 October 2014 Paper

1064-nm Fabry-Perot transmission filter laser damage competition

Christopher Stolz, Mark Caputo, Andrew Griffin, Michael Thomas

Proceedings Volume 9237, 92370N (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2068613

KEYWORDS: Laser induced damage, Coating, Optical filters, Fabry–Perot interferometers, Silica, Resistance, Deposition processes, Pulsed laser operation, Fiber lasers, Thin films

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Proceedings Article | 3 December 2013 Paper

Defect insensitive 100 J/cm2 multilayer mirror coating process

Christopher Stolz, Justin Wolfe, Paul Mirkarimi, James Folta, John Adams, Marlon Menor, Nick Teslich, Regina Soufli, Carmen Menoni, Dinesh Patel

Proceedings Volume 8885, 888502 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2030477

KEYWORDS: Etching, Silica, Multilayers, Coating, Mirrors, Resistance, Laser induced damage, Ion beams, Visualization, Sputter deposition

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Proceedings Article | 14 November 2013 Paper

Contamination resistant antireflection nano-textures in fused silica for laser optics

Douglas Hobbs, Bruce MacLeod, Ernest Sabatino, Jerald Britten, Christopher Stolz

Proceedings Volume 8885, 88850J (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2042888

KEYWORDS: Silica, Sol-gels, National Ignition Facility, Antireflective coatings, Laser induced damage, Adsorption, Coating, Resistance, Etching, Laser damage threshold

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Anti-reflecting (AR) surface relief nano-textures have been integrated with fused silica diffraction gratings to demonstrate the potential of stable diffractive 3ω beam samplers with increased energy to target at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). TelAztec’s AR texturing process was used to etch Random-type AR (RAR) microstructures in sub-scale NIF Grating Debris Shields consisting of large pitch, shallow line gratings. This superposition yielded the desired ~3.5% increase in zero-order transmission uniformly over the full aperture without compromising the grating function. Another fused silica window fabricated with RAR nano-textures in both faces for a 3ω (351nm) transmission of 99.5%, was subjected to capillary condensation tests to evaluate the resistance of the RAR texture to the adsorption of organic compounds. It was found that for a one day exposure time to a surrogate suite of organic contaminants, the RAR textured fused silica surfaces adsorbed less than one fourth the amount of organic contaminants found on a NIF baseline hardened sol-gel AR coated optic. In two additional exposure cycles, further RAR process refinement reduced the amount of adsorbed organics to a level nearly 200 times below the current NIF baseline. Significantly, the 3ω transmission of the RAR textured window remained unchanged after all three exposure cycles, whereas the sol-gel coated windows showed losses up to 4.9% for the highest contaminant concentration. Large beam pulsed laser damage testing of RAR textured fused silica windows was conducted with the Optical Sciences Laser (OSL) at NIF. The RAR sample damage resistance was found to be equivalent to the current NIF baseline - even after multiple aggressive chemical cleaning cycles. Lastly, a series of RAR textured and sol-gel AR coated windows were subjected to commercial 3ω pulsed laser damage testing at Quantel. The results indicate an average RAR damage threshold of 26 J/cm², a level about 80% of the two NIF fused silica samples tested, two times higher than the best performing ion beam sputtered thin-film AR coatings reported in the literature, and six times higher than catalog high power laser window coating specifications.

Proceedings Article | 14 November 2013 Paper

Brewster angle thin film polarizing beamsplitter laser damage competition: “S” polarization

Christopher Stolz, Jeff Runkel

Proceedings Volume 8885, 888509 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2030476

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Laser induced damage, Resistance, Thin film coatings, Thin films, Polarizers, Silica, Optical coatings, Ions, Deposition processes

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Proceedings Article | 4 December 2012 Paper

Brewster Angle Polarizing Beamsplitter Laser Damage Competition: P polarization

Christopher Stolz, Jeff Runkel

Proceedings Volume 8530, 85300M (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.981735

KEYWORDS: Resistance, Laser induced damage, Polarization, Thin films, Polarizers, Deposition processes, Laser damage threshold, Beam splitters, Thin film coatings, Manufacturing

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SPIE Journal Paper | 28 November 2012

Boulder Damage Symposium annual thin-film laser damage competition

Christopher Stolz

OE, Vol. 51, Issue 12, 121818, (November 2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.51.12.121818

KEYWORDS: Coating, Resistance, Laser induced damage, Mirrors, Thin films, Laser damage threshold, Deposition processes, Antireflective coatings, Oxides, Femtosecond phenomena

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Proceedings Article | 6 December 2011 Paper

Excimer mirror thin film laser damage competition

Christopher Stolz, Holger Blaschke, Lars Jensen, Heinrich Mädebach, Detlev Ristau

Proceedings Volume 8190, 819007 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.899187

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Laser induced damage, Resistance, Excimer lasers, Deposition processes, Excimers, Laser damage threshold, Silica, Ultraviolet radiation, Thin films

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Proceedings Article | 19 February 2011 Paper

Programmable beam spatial shaping system for the National Ignition Facility

John Heebner, Michael Borden, Phil Miller, Steve Hunter, Kim Christensen, Michael Scanlan, Chris Haynam, Paul Wegner, Mark Hermann, Gordon Brunton, Eddy Tse, Abdul Awwal, Nan Wong, Lynn Seppala, Mark Franks, Ed Marley, Kevin Williams, Tracy Budge, Mark Henesian, Christopher Stolz, Tayyab Suratwala, Marcus Monticelli, Dan Walmer, Sham Dixit, Clay Widmayer, Justin Wolfe, Jeff Bude, Kelly McCarty, Jean-Michel DiNicola

Proceedings Volume 7916, 79160H (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.875794

KEYWORDS: National Ignition Facility, Liquid crystals, Beam shaping, Liquid crystal on silicon, Laser systems engineering, Optical amplifiers, Light valves, Silicon, Oxides, Relays

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Proceedings Article | 6 December 2010 Paper

Impact of substrate surface scratches on the laser damage resistance of multilayer coatings

S. Roger Qiu, Justin Wolfe, Anthony Monterrosa, William Steele, Nick Teslich, Michael Feit, Thomas Pistor, Christopher Stolz

Proceedings Volume 7842, 78421X (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.867740

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, Laser induced damage, Resistance, Optical coatings, Laser damage threshold, Silica, Mirrors, Etching, Dielectrics, Surface finishing

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Proceedings Article | 2 December 2010 Paper

A programmable beam shaping system for tailoring the profile of high fluence laser beams

John Heebner, Michael Borden, Phil Miller, Chris Stolz, Tayyab Suratwala, Paul Wegner, Mark Hermann, Mark Henesian, Christopher Haynam, Steve Hunter, Kim Christensen, Nan Wong, Lynn Seppala, Gordon Brunton, Eddy Tse, Abdul Awwal, Mark Franks, Ed Marley, Kevin Williams, Michael Scanlan, Tracy Budge, Marcus Monticelli, Dan Walmer, Sham Dixit, Clay Widmayer, Justin Wolfe, Jeff Bude, Kelly McCarty, Jean-Michel DiNicola

Proceedings Volume 7842, 78421C (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.867728

KEYWORDS: Adaptive optics, Beam shaping, Liquid crystals, Liquid crystal on silicon, Light valves, Modulation, Wavefront distortions, National Ignition Facility, Custom fabrication, Fusion energy

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Proceedings Article | 29 November 2010 Paper

BDS thin film UV antireflection laser damage competition

Christopher Stolz, Mark Caputo, Andrew Griffin, Michael Thomas

Proceedings Volume 7842, 784206 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.867742

KEYWORDS: Coating, Resistance, Antireflective coatings, Ultraviolet radiation, Laser induced damage, Thin films, Deposition processes, Laser damage threshold, Silica, Manufacturing

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Proceedings Article | 31 December 2009 Paper

Laser damage resistant pits in dielectric coatings created by femtosecond laser machining

Justin Wolfe, Roger Qiu, Christopher Stolz, Michael Thomas, Carolyn Martinez, Arzu Ozkan

Proceedings Volume 7504, 750405 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.836906

KEYWORDS: Laser induced damage, Femtosecond phenomena, Dielectrics, Laser damage threshold, Mirrors, Optical coatings, Multilayers, Prototyping, Raster graphics, Laser systems engineering

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Proceedings Article | 31 December 2009 Paper

Thin film femtosecond laser damage competition

Christopher Stolz, Detlev Ristau, Marcus Turowski, Holger Blaschke

Proceedings Volume 7504, 75040S (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.837473

KEYWORDS: Resistance, Thin films, Femtosecond phenomena, Reflectivity, Pulsed laser operation, Thin film coatings, Deposition processes, Laser damage threshold, Optical coatings, Silica

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Proceedings Article | 31 December 2009 Paper

Modeling of light intensification by conical pits within multilayer high reflector coatings

S. Roger Qiu, Justin Wolfe, Anthony Monterrosa, Michael Feit, Thomas Pistor, Christopher Stolz

Proceedings Volume 7504, 75040M (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.836916

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, Coating, Silica, Laser induced damage, Computer simulations, Finite-difference time-domain method, Waveguides, Mirrors, High reflection coatings, Resistance

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Proceedings Article | 30 December 2008 Paper

BDS thin film damage competition

Christopher Stolz, Michael Thomas, Andrew Griffin

Proceedings Volume 7132, 71320C (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.806287

KEYWORDS: Plasma etching, Thin films, Etching, Plasma, Antireflective coatings, Resistance, Thin film coatings, Laser induced damage, Current controlled current source, Silica

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Proceedings Article | 25 September 2008 Paper

Status of NIF mirror technologies for completion of the NIF facility

C. Stolz

Proceedings Volume 7101, 710115 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.797470

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, National Ignition Facility, Resistance, Polishing, Optical coatings, Laser welding, Ions, Polarizers, Diamond, Manufacturing

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Proceedings Article | 20 December 2007 Paper

Scattering-induced downstream beam modulation by plasma scalded mirrors

J. Schmidt, M. Runkel, K. Martin, C. Stolz

Proceedings Volume 6720, 67201H (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.748446

KEYWORDS: Plasma, Mirrors, National Ignition Facility, Modulation, Multilayers, Laser scattering, CCD cameras, Pulsed laser operation, Dielectric mirrors, Optical coatings

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Proceedings Article | 28 November 2007 Open Access

The National Ignition Facility: the world's largest optical system

Christopher Stolz

Proceedings Volume 6834, 683402 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.773365

KEYWORDS: National Ignition Facility, Mirrors, Crystals, Optics manufacturing, Laser glasses, Resistance, Polishing, Surface finishing, Laser welding, Wavefronts

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Proceedings Article | 18 January 2007 Paper

Laser-induced bulk damage in Yb:S-FAP crystals

Zhi Liao, John Adams, Jeff Jarboe, Joe Menapace, Norm Nielsen, Sam Schrauth, Justin Wolfe, Al Erlandson, Kathleen Schaffers, Christopher Stolz, Andy Bayramian, John Carid

Proceedings Volume 6403, 64031X (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.696218

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Laser crystals, Laser induced damage, Bulk lasers, Mercury, Strontium, Fusion energy, Magnetorheological finishing, Laser development, Crystallography

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Proceedings Article | 7 February 2006 Paper

Impact of contaminates on the laser damage threshold of 1ω HR coatings

Mary Norton, Christopher Stolz, Eugene Donohue, William Hollingsworth, Kalvin Listiyo, James Pryatel, Richard Hackel

Proceedings Volume 5991, 59910O (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.638832

KEYWORDS: Particles, Microscopes, Aluminum, Laser damage threshold, Mirrors, Optical fibers, Laser systems engineering, Optical coatings, Reflectors, Plasma

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Proceedings Article | 7 February 2006 Paper

Laser damage initiation and growth of antireflection coated S-FAP crystal surfaces prepared by pitch lap and magnetorheological finishing

Christopher Stolz, Joseph Menapace, Kathleen Schaffers, Camille Bibeau, Michael Thomas, Andrew Griffin

Proceedings Volume 5991, 59911I (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.638831

KEYWORDS: Magnetorheological finishing, Crystals, Antireflective coatings, Surface finishing, Laser induced damage, Polishing, Laser crystals, Optical coatings, Laser damage threshold, Plasma

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Proceedings Article | 7 February 2006 Paper

Improved method for laser damage testing coated optics

Michael Borden, James Folta, Christopher Stolz, John Taylor, Justin Wolfe, Andrew Griffin, Michael Thomas

Proceedings Volume 5991, 59912A (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.637825

KEYWORDS: Coating, Laser induced damage, Antireflective coatings, National Ignition Facility, Optical testing, Yield improvement, Silica, Laser optics, Mirrors, Laser development

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Proceedings Article | 6 October 2005 Paper

Engineering meter-scale laser resistant coatings for the near IR

Christopher Stolz, John Adams, Michael Shirk, Mary Norton, Timothy Weiland

Proceedings Volume 5963, 59630Y (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.625422

KEYWORDS: Optical coatings, Pulsed laser operation, Mirrors, Laser induced damage, Resistance, Multilayers, Polarizers, Diamond, Adaptive optics, National Ignition Facility

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Proceedings Article | 21 February 2005 Paper

Insitu surface debris inspection and removal system for upward-facing transport mirrors of the National Ignition Facility

William Gourdin, Elizabeth Dzenitis, David Martin, Kalvin Listiyo, Gregory Sherman, William Kent, Rebecca Butlin, Christopher Stolz, James Pryatel

Proceedings Volume 5647, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.585077

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Particles, National Ignition Facility, Inspection, Glasses, Aluminum, Metals, Argon, Fiber optics, Photography

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 December 2004

Alignment and wavefront control systems of the National Ignition Facility

Richard Zacharias, Neil Beer, Erlan Bliss, Scott Burkhart, Simon Cohen, Steven Sutton, R. Van Atta, Scott Winters, Joseph Thaddeus Salmon, Milton Latta, Christopher Stolz, David Pigg, Timothy Arnold

OE, Vol. 43, Issue 12, (December 2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.1815331

KEYWORDS: Wavefronts, National Ignition Facility, Control systems, Sensors, Mirrors, Actuators, Optical amplifiers, Optical alignment, Optical engineering

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Proceedings Article | 8 July 2004 Paper

Initial operation of the mercury laser: a gas-cooled 10-Hz Yb:S-FAP system

Camille Bibeau, Andy Bayramian, Raymond Beach, Robert Campbell, Adrian DeWald, Wilburt Davis, Jay Dawson, Larain DiMercurio, Christopher Ebbers, Barry Freitas, Michael Hill, Kevin Hood, V. Keith Kanz, Joseph Menapace, Stephen Payne, Mark Randles, Jon Rankin, Kathleen Schaffers, Christopher Stoltz, John Tassano, Steve Telford, Everett Utterback

Proceedings Volume 5332, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.538414

KEYWORDS: Optical amplifiers, Diodes, Mercury, Semiconductor lasers, Diffraction, Diagnostics, Fusion energy, Wavefronts, Wavefront distortions, Crystals

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Proceedings Article | 10 June 2004 Paper

Electric-field enhancement by nodular defects in multilayer coatings irradiated at normal and 45° incidence

Christopher Stolz, Francois Genin, Thomas Pistor

Proceedings Volume 5273, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.523453

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, Polarization, Optical coatings, Reflectivity, Silica, Laser induced damage, 3D modeling, Reflection, Finite element methods, Panoramic photography

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Proceedings Article | 10 June 2004 Paper

Photothermal multi-pixel imaging microscope

Christopher Stolz, Diane Chinn, Robert Huber, Carolyn Weinzapfel, Zhouling Wu

Proceedings Volume 5273, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.523669

KEYWORDS: Microscopes, Coating, Microscopy, Data acquisition, Laser beam diagnostics, Absorption, Optical amplifiers, Sensors, Nondestructive evaluation, Optical coatings

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Proceedings Article | 28 May 2004 Paper

Metrology of mirrors for the National Ignition Facility

Christopher Stolz, Michael Runkel, Michael McBurney, Robert Cheek, Joseph Menapace

Proceedings Volume 5341, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.538472

KEYWORDS: National Ignition Facility, Mirrors, Coating, Interferometers, Reflection, Photometry, Adaptive optics, Optics manufacturing, Laser scattering, Metrology

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Proceedings Article | 28 May 2004 Paper

NIF optical materials and fabrication technologies: an overview

John Campbell, Ruth Hawley-Fedder, Christopher Stolz, Joseph Menapace, Michael Borden, Pamela Whitman, June Yu, Michael Runkel, Michael Riley, Michael Feit, Richard Hackel

Proceedings Volume 5341, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.538471

KEYWORDS: National Ignition Facility, Optics manufacturing, Crystals, Optical coatings, Spatial frequencies, Glasses, Resistance, Polishing, Surface finishing, Wavefronts

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Proceedings Article | 28 May 2004 Paper

National Ignition Facility alignment and wavefront control

Richard Zacharias, Neil Beer, Erlan Bliss, Scott Burkhart, Simon Cohen, Steven Sutton, R. Van Atta, Scott Winters, Joseph Salmon, Christopher Stolz, David Pigg, Timothy Arnold

Proceedings Volume 5341, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.538469

KEYWORDS: Wavefronts, National Ignition Facility, Control systems, Sensors, Actuators, Mirrors, Optical amplifiers, Reticles, Laser systems engineering, Deformable mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 13 January 2004 Paper

Fabrication of meter-scale laser-resistant mirrors for the National Ignition Facility: a fusion laser

Christopher Stolz, Carolyn Weinzapfel, Amy Rigatti, Jim Oliver, Jason Taniguchi, Ron Bevis, Jasbir Rajasansi

Proceedings Volume 5193, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.511677

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Coating, National Ignition Facility, Wavefronts, Resistance, Manufacturing, Multilayers, Laser induced damage, Optics manufacturing, Laser welding

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Proceedings Article | 18 June 2003 Paper

The National Ignition Facility: the world's largest optics and laser system

Edward Moses, John Campbell, Christopher Stolz, Craig Wuest

Proceedings Volume 5001, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.500351

KEYWORDS: National Ignition Facility, Optics manufacturing, Glasses, Laser systems engineering, Fusion energy, Optical amplifiers, Laser optics, Crystals, Laser induced damage, Silica

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Proceedings Article | 30 May 2003 Paper

Influence of BK7 substrate solarization on the performance on hafnia and silica multilayer mirrors

Christopher Stolz, Joseph Menapace, Francois Genin, Paul Ehrmann, Philip Miller, Gregory Rogowski

Proceedings Volume 4932, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.472052

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Coating, Laser damage threshold, National Ignition Facility, Glasses, X-rays, Silica, Wavefronts, Absorption, Ultraviolet radiation

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Proceedings Article | 12 April 2001 Paper

Laser conditioning characterization and damage threshold prediction of hafnia/silica multilayer mirrors by photothermal microscopy

A. Papandrew, Christopher Stolz, Zhouling Wu, Gary Loomis, Steven Falabella

Proceedings Volume 4347, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.425049

KEYWORDS: Coating, Laser damage threshold, Absorption, Microscopy, Silicon, Multilayers, Plasma, Silica, Mirrors, Laser induced damage

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Proceedings Article | 12 April 2001 Paper

Functional damage thresholds of hafnia/silica coating designs for the NIF laser

Jason Taniguchi, Nelson LeBarron, Jim Howe, Douglas Smith, Christopher Stolz, Carolyn Weinzapfel, James Kimmons

Proceedings Volume 4347, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.425071

KEYWORDS: National Ignition Facility, Coating, Laser damage threshold, Mirrors, Raster graphics, Thin film coatings, Reflectivity, Thin films, Silica, Q switched lasers

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Proceedings Article | 12 April 2001 Paper

Use of hafnia/silica multilayer coatings on large mirrors and polarizers for the National Ignition Facility

Douglas Smith, James Oliver, Jim Howe, Christopher Stolz, Amy Rigatti

Proceedings Volume 4347, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.425072

KEYWORDS: Multilayers, National Ignition Facility, Silica, Optical coatings, Mirrors, Polarizers, Thin film coatings, Resistance, Hafnium, Humidity

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Proceedings Article | 3 April 2000 Paper

Wavefront control of high-power laser beams in the National Ignition Facility (NIF)

Richard Zacharias, Erlan Bliss, Scott Winters, Richard Sacks, Mark Feldman, Andrew Grey, Jeffrey Koch, Christopher Stolz, John Toeppen, Lewis Van Atta, Bruce Woods

Proceedings Volume 3889, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.380902

KEYWORDS: Wavefronts, National Ignition Facility, Control systems, Actuators, Sensors, Mirrors, High power lasers, Computing systems, Coating, Deformable mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 1999 Paper

Brewster's angle thin film plate polarizer design study from an electric field perspective

Christopher Stolz

Proceedings Volume 3738, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.360098

KEYWORDS: Polarizers, Coating, Manufacturing, Thin films, Interfaces, Laser damage threshold, Silica, Multilayers, Polarization, Bandpass filters

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 1999 Paper

Advantages of evaporation of hafnium in a reactive environment formanufacture of high-damage-threshold multilayer coatings by electron-beam deposition

Christopher Stolz, Lynn Sheehan, Marc Von Gunten, Ron Bevis, Douglas Smith

Proceedings Volume 3738, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.360095

KEYWORDS: Hafnium, Thin film coatings, National Ignition Facility, Optical coatings, Silica, Laser damage threshold, Multilayers, Interfaces, Manufacturing, Electron beams

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Proceedings Article | 23 July 1999 Paper

Vendor-based laser damage metrology equipment supporting the National Ignition Facility

Sheldon Schwartz, Richard Jennings, James Kimmons, Ron Mouser, Carolyn Weinzapfel, Mark Kozlowski, Christopher Stolz, Jack Campbell

Proceedings Volume 3492, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.354216

KEYWORDS: Metrology, National Ignition Facility, Laser induced damage, Optical coatings, Optical testing, Laser damage threshold, Plasma, Diagnostics, Laser metrology, Platinum

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Proceedings Article | 7 April 1999 Paper

Laser conditioning methods of hafnia-silica multilayer mirrors

Christopher Stolz, Lynn Sheehan, Stephen Maricle, Sheldon Schwartz, Jean Hue

Proceedings Volume 3578, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.344419

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, National Ignition Facility, Hafnium, Laser damage threshold, Laser induced damage, Optical coatings, Silica, Modulation, Multilayers, Diagnostics

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Proceedings Article | 7 April 1999 Paper

Role of starting material composition in interfacial damage morphology of hafnia-silica multilayer coatings

S. Weakley, Christopher Stolz, Zhouling Wu, Ron Bevis, Marc Von Gunten

Proceedings Volume 3578, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.344420

KEYWORDS: Interfaces, Multilayers, Silica, Hafnium, Optical coatings, Plasma, Reflectors, Raster graphics, Oxides, Laser damage threshold

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Proceedings Article | 24 June 1998 Paper

Laser conditioning methods of hafnia silica multilayer mirrors

Christopher Stolz, Lynn Sheehan, Stephen Maricle, Sheldon Schwartz, Mark Kozlowski, Richard Jennings, Jean Hue

Proceedings Volume 3264, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.311905

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Coating, Laser induced damage, Silica, Optics manufacturing, National Ignition Facility, Laser damage threshold, Hafnium, Plasma, Multilayers

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Large aperture multilayer hafnia silica high reflector coatings at 1064 nm, deposited by reactive electron-beam deposition, were prepared to examine different laser conditioning methods for manufacturing high fluence optics in the National Ignition Facility. Laser conditioning is a process where the damage threshold of the coating is increased or the damage that is created is minimized so that it does not grow upon further irradiation. Two laser conditioning methods were examined for coatings deposited from only oxide starting materials. Off-line laser conditioning consists of raster scanning a mirror past a 1 mm diameter Gaussian beam over the entire clear aperture; a process that takes approximately 24 hours per scan. On-line laser conditioning consisted of a large aperture 300 mm X 300 mm beam from the Beamlet laser that irradiated the entire full clear aperture of a series of mirrors; a process that was limited by a 2 - 4 hour shot rate. In both cases a six-step process was used with the mirror first irradiated at a low fluence, then successively higher fluences increased in equal increments up to the peak laser operating fluence. Mirrors that were only partially laser conditioned damaged catastrophically while fully conditioned mirrors survived fluences exceeding the safe operating Beamlet fluence. An alternative off-line laser conditioning method was examined for coatings deposited from hafnia or metallic hafnium sources. Single-step laser conditioning consists of off-line raster scanning an optic at the peak operating fluence, thus decreasing the laser conditioning cost by reducing the number of scans and required laser conditioning stations to process all the mirrors for the National Ignition Facility. Between pulses the optic is stepped approximately one fourth of the 1/e² Gaussian beam diameter so each area of the coating is irradiated by different segments of the beam starting at a low fluence at the outer edge of the beam diameter and increasing to the peak fluence in the center of the beam. The one-step conditioning results appear positive, but the influence of the coating improvements due to the metallic hafnium process on laser conditioning is undefined.

Proceedings Article | 20 April 1998 Paper

Characterization of nodular and thermal defects in hafnia/silica multilayer coatings using optical, photothermal, and atomic force microscopy

Christopher Stolz, J. Yoshiyama, Alberto Salleo, Zhouling Wu, John Green, Rene Krupka

Proceedings Volume 3244, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.307008

KEYWORDS: Optical coatings, Multilayers, Atomic force microscopy, Laser induced damage, Thermography, Optics manufacturing, Laser damage threshold, Hafnium, Silica, Electron beams

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Proceedings Article | 20 April 1998 Paper

Laser-induced damage of fused silica at 355 nm initiated at scratches

Alberto Salleo, Francois Genin, J. Yoshiyama, Christopher Stolz, Mark Kozlowski

Proceedings Volume 3244, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.307039

KEYWORDS: Silica, Laser induced damage, Diamond, Pulsed laser operation, Laser damage threshold, Contamination, Particles

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Proceedings Article | 13 May 1997 Paper

Growth of laser-induced damage during repetitive illumination of HfO2/SiO2 multilayer mirror and polarizer coatings

Francois Genin, Christopher Stolz, Mark Kozlowski

Proceedings Volume 2966, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.274244

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Polarizers, Laser induced damage, Laser damage threshold, Multilayers, Optical coatings, National Ignition Facility, Silica, High power lasers, Optical components

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Proceedings Article | 13 May 1997 Paper

Effect of SiO2 overcoat thickness on laser damage morphology of HfO2/SiO2 Brewster's angle polarizers at 1064 nm

Christopher Stolz, Francois Genin, T. Reitter, Nicole Molau, Ron Bevis, Marc Von Gunten, Douglas Smith, J. Anzellotti

Proceedings Volume 2966, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.274272

KEYWORDS: Polarizers, Coating, Laser damage threshold, Laser induced damage, Plasma, Pulsed laser operation, Thermal modeling, National Ignition Facility, Silica, Laser development

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Proceedings Article | 13 May 1997 Paper

Effect of electric field distribution on the morphologies of laser-induced damage in hafnia-silica multilayer polarizers

Francois Genin, Christopher Stolz, T. Reitter, Mark Kozlowski, Ron Bevis, Marc Von Gunten

Proceedings Volume 2966, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.274243

KEYWORDS: Polarizers, Laser induced damage, Pulsed laser operation, Multilayers, Silica, Scanning electron microscopy, Photomicroscopy, Laser damage threshold, Mirrors, Optical coatings

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 January 1997

Photothermal characterization of optical thin film coatings

Zhouling Wu, Marshall Thomsen, Pao-Kuang Kuo, Y. Lu, Christopher Stolz, Mark Kozlowski

OE, Vol. 36, Issue 01, (January 1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.601125

KEYWORDS: Thin films, Thin film coatings, Absorption, Thermography, Laser beam diagnostics, Laser induced damage, Modulation, Reflectivity, Dielectrics, Calibration

Proceedings Article | 20 November 1996 Paper

Morphologies of laser-induced damage in hafnia-silica multilayer mirror and polarizer coatings

Francois Genin, Christopher Stolz

Proceedings Volume 2870, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.259929

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Polarizers, Reflectivity, Optical coatings, Laser induced damage, Multilayers, Silica, Plasmas, Pulsed laser operation, Scanning electron microscopy

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Proceedings Article | 19 August 1996 Paper

Large-area damage testing of optics

Lynn Sheehan, Mark Kozlowski, Christopher Stolz, Francois Genin, Michael Runkel, Sheldon Schwartz, Jean Hue

Proceedings Volume 2775, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.246762

KEYWORDS: Laser damage threshold, National Ignition Facility, Crystals, Optical coatings, Laser crystals, Optical testing, Mirrors, Laser induced damage, Polarizers, Laser optics

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Proceedings Article | 27 May 1996 Paper

Overview of photothermal characterization of optical thin film coatings

Zhouling Wu, Marshall Thomsen, Pao-Kuang Kuo, Y. Lu, Christopher Stolz, Mark Kozlowski

Proceedings Volume 2714, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.240409

KEYWORDS: Thin films, Laser beam diagnostics, Absorption, Thin film coatings, Laser induced damage, Thermography, Modulation, Reflectivity, Dielectrics, Calibration

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Proceedings Article | 27 May 1996 Paper

Comparison between 355 and 1064-nm damage of high-grade dielectric mirror coatings

Axel Bodemann, Norbert Kaiser, Mark Kozlowski, Edward Pierce, Christopher Stolz

Proceedings Volume 2714, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.240349

KEYWORDS: Laser damage threshold, Metals, Optical coatings, Multilayers, Mirrors, Dielectric mirrors, Manufacturing, Atomic force microscopy, High power lasers, Microscopy

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Proceedings Article | 27 May 1996 Paper

Influence of microstructure on laser damage threshold of IBS coatings

Christopher Stolz, Francois Genin, Mark Kozlowski, Dale Long, Ramin Lalazari, Zhouling Wu, Pao-Kuang Kuo

Proceedings Volume 2714, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.240403

KEYWORDS: Laser damage threshold, Crystals, Multilayers, Optical coatings, Refractive index, Diffraction, Interfaces, Ion beams, Transmission electron microscopy, Polarizers

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Proceedings Article | 27 May 1996 Paper

Comparison of nodular defect seed geometries from different deposition techniques

Christopher Stolz, Robert Tench, Mark Kozlowski, Anne Fornier

Proceedings Volume 2714, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.240402

KEYWORDS: Sputter deposition, Multilayers, Oxides, Thin film coatings, Optical coatings, Deposition processes, Ion beams, Laser induced damage, Camera shutters, Atomic force microscopy

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Proceedings Article | 28 July 1994 Paper

Nonlinear absorption in high reflector multilayers

Christopher Stolz, Timothy Sarginson, John Taylor

Proceedings Volume 2114, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.180887

KEYWORDS: Absorption, Optical coatings, Reflectors, Multilayers, Copper vapor lasers, Dielectrics, Ion beams, Sputter deposition, Nonlinear optical glasses, Laser damage threshold

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Proceedings Article | 7 August 1993 Paper

High-efficiency high-reliability optical components for a large, high-average-power visible laser system

John Taylor, Christopher Stolz

Proceedings Volume 1869, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.148377

KEYWORDS: Optical components, Laser systems engineering, Reliability, Optics manufacturing, Process control

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Proceedings Article | 24 June 1993 Paper

Absorption and damage thresholds of low-defect-density hafnia deposited with activated oxygen

Robert Chow, Steven Falabella, Gary Loomis, Frank Rainer, Christopher Stolz, Mark Kozlowski

Proceedings Volume 1848, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.147409

KEYWORDS: Absorption, Optical coatings, Metals, Oxygen, Oxides, Laser induced damage, Laser damage threshold, Particles, Plasma, Oxidation

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Proceedings Article | 24 June 1993 Paper

Damage threshold study of ion-beam-sputtered coatings for a visible high-repetition laser at LLNL

Christopher Stolz, John Taylor

Proceedings Volume 1848, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.147400

KEYWORDS: Laser damage threshold, Absorption, Optical coatings, Mirrors, Composites, Annealing, Laser induced damage, Reflectors, Deposition processes, Reflectivity

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Proceedings Article | 25 February 1993 Paper

Thermal analysis of transmissive elements in high-average-power laser beam delivery systems

Simon Cohen, R. Edward English, Christopher Stolz, John Taylor

Proceedings Volume 1739, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.140528

KEYWORDS: Absorption, Optical components, Optical coatings, Silica, Laser systems engineering, Optical design, Thermal effects, Beam splitters, Distortion, Beam delivery

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Proceedings Article | 29 July 1992 Paper

Examination of laser conditioning using atomic-force microscopy

Aleta Tesar, Mehdi Balooch, Robert Tench, Christopher Stolz, Timothy Sarginson, Wigbert Siekhaus

Proceedings Volume 1624, (1992) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.60121

KEYWORDS: Microscopy, Optical coatings, Laser damage threshold, Atomic force microscope, Dielectrics, Coating

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Proceedings Article | 29 July 1992 Paper

Laser-induced damage threshold comparison of reactive low-voltage ion-plated and e-beam coatings

Robert Chow, Christopher Stolz, Frank Rainer, Gary Loomis, Karl Guenther, Bala Subramanian, X. Hu

Proceedings Volume 1624, (1992) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.60093

KEYWORDS: Laser damage threshold, Optical coatings, Laser induced damage, Silica, Transmittance, Refractive index, Ions, Absorption, Zirconium dioxide, Oxygen

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Proceedings Article | 29 July 1992 Paper

Damage test capabilities using a high-repetition-rate visible laser at LLNL

Christopher Stolz, John Taylor, Timothy Sarginson

Proceedings Volume 1624, (1992) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.60107

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Laser damage threshold, Copper, Scattering, Absorption, Laser scattering, Polarization, High power lasers, Laser systems engineering, Laser induced damage

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Proceedings Article | 29 July 1992 Paper

Limits of survivability and damage for optical components used in a high-repetition-rate visible laser

John Taylor, Christopher Stolz, Timothy Sarginson

Proceedings Volume 1624, (1992) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.60108

KEYWORDS: Optical components, Optical coatings, Manufacturing, Isotope separation, Reliability, Design for manufacturability, Optics manufacturing, Laser applications, Laser optics

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Proceedings Article | 1 June 1991 Paper

Subsurface polishing damage of fused silica: nature and effect on laser damage of coated surfaces

Aleta Tesar, Norman Brown, John Taylor, Christopher Stolz

Proceedings Volume 1441, (1991) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.27537

KEYWORDS: Polishing, Surface finishing, Laser induced damage, Silica, Etching, Laser damage threshold, Optical coatings, Particles, Dielectrics, Contamination

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Showing 5 of 97 publications

Proceedings Volume Editor (11)

SPIE Conference Volume | 12 January 2012

Pacific Rim Laser Damage 2011: Optical Materials for High Power Lasers

SPIE Conference Volume | 29 December 2009

Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2009

SPIE Conference Volume | 20 December 2008

Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2008

SPIE Conference Volume | 17 January 2008

Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2007

SPIE Conference Volume | 15 January 2007

Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2006

Showing 5 of 11 publications

Conference Committee Involvement (36)

Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials 2024

7 October 2024 | San Ramon, CA, United States

Advances in Optical Thin Films VIII

8 April 2024 | Strasbourg, France

Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials 2023

18 September 2023 | Dublin/Livermore, California, United States

Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials 2022

18 September 2022 | Rochester, New York, United States

Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials 2021

12 October 2021 | Online Only, United States

Advances in Optical Thin Films VII

13 September 2021 | Online Only, Spain

Laser-induced Damage in Optical Materials 2020

14 September 2020 | Online Only, New York, United States

Laser-induced Damage in Optical Materials 2019

23 September 2019 | Broomfield (Boulder area), Colorado, United States

Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials 2018: 50th Anniversary Conference

24 September 2018 | Boulder, Colorado, United States

Advances in Optical Thin Films VI

14 May 2018 | Frankfurt, Germany

Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials 2017

24 September 2017 | Boulder, Colorado, United States

Pacific-Rim Laser Damage

21 May 2017 | Shanghai, China

Pacific Rim Laser Damage 2017: Optical Materials for High Power Lasers

21 May 2017 | Shanghai, China

Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials 2016

25 September 2016 | Boulder, Colorado, United States

Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2015

28 September 2015 | Boulder, Colorado, United States

Advances in Optical Thin Films V

7 September 2015 | Jena, Germany

Pacific Rim Laser Damage 2015: Optical Materials for High Power Lasers

17 May 2015 | Jiading, Shanghai, China

Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2014

15 September 2014 | Boulder, Colorado, United States

Laser Damage Symposium: XLV Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High-Power Lasers

22 September 2013 | Boulder, Colorado, United States

Pacific Rim Laser Damage 2013: Optical Materials for High Power Lasers

19 May 2013 | Shanghai, China

Laser Damage Symposium XLIV: Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High Power Lasers

23 September 2012 | Boulder, Colorado, United States

Pacific Rim Laser Damage: Optical Materials for High Power Lasers

6 November 2011 | Shanghai, China

Laser Damage Symposium XLIII: Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High Power Lasers

18 September 2011 | Boulder, Colorado, United States

Advances in Optical Thin Films IV

5 September 2011 | Marseille, France

Laser Damage Symposium XLI: Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High Power Lasers

21 September 2009 | Boulder, Colorado, United States

Boulder Damage Symposium XL: Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High Power Lasers

22 September 2008 | Boulder, Colorado, United States

Advances in Optical Thin Films III

2 September 2008 | Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom

Boulder Damage Symposium XXXIX: Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High Power Lasers

24 September 2007 | Boulder, Colorado, United States

Boulder Damage Symposium XXXVIII: Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High Power Lasers

26 September 2006 | Boulder, Colorado, United States

Boulder Damage Symposium XXXVII: Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High Power Lasers

19 September 2005 | Boulder, CO, United States

Advances in Optical Thin Films II

13 September 2005 | Jena, Germany

Boulder Damage Symposium XXXVI

20 September 2004 | Boulder, Colorado, United States

XXXIV Annual Symposium on Optical Materials for High Power Lasers: Boulder Damage Symposium

22 September 2003 | Boulder, Colorado, United States

Advances in Mirror Technology for X-Ray, EUV Lithography, Laser, and Other Applications

7 August 2003 | San Diego, California, United States

Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 2002 and 7th International Workshop on Laser Beam and Optics Characterization

16 September 2002 | Boulder, CO, United States

Boulder Damage 2001

1 October 2001 | Boulder, CO, United States

Showing 5 of 36 Conference Committees

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