Dr. Pentti Karioja Profile

Dr. Pentti Karioja

Principal Scientist

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (60)

Proceedings Article | 14 May 2018 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Integrated multi-wavelength mid-IR light source for gas sensing

Pentti Karioja, Teemu Alajoki, Matteo Cherchi, Jyrki Ollila, Mikko Harjanne, Noora Heinilehto, Soile Suomalainen, Nouman Zia, Heidi Tuorila, Jukka Viheriälä, Mircea Guina, Ryszard Buczyński, Rafał Kasztelanic, Tomi Salo, Sami Virtanen, Paweł Kluczyński, Lars Borgen, Marcin Ratajczyk, Przemyslaw Kalinowski

Proceedings Volume 10657, 106570A (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2305712

KEYWORDS: Mid-IR, Light sources, Photonic integrated circuits, Gas sensors, Glasses, Optical filters, Silicon, Absorption, Sensors, Modulation

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Proceedings Article | 20 February 2017 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Multi-wavelength mid-IR light source for gas sensing

Pentti Karioja, Teemu Alajoki, Matteo Cherchi, Jyrki Ollila, Mikko Harjanne, Noora Heinilehto, Soile Suomalainen, Jukka Viheriälä, Nouman Zia, Mircea Guina, Ryszard Buczyński, Rafał Kasztelanic, Ireneusz Kujawa, Tomi Salo, Sami Virtanen, Paweł Kluczyński, Håkon Sagberg, Marcin Ratajczyk, Przemyslaw Kalinowski

Proceedings Volume 10110, 101100P (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2249126

KEYWORDS: Mid-IR, Light sources, Photonic integrated circuits, Packaging, Gas sensors, Infrared technology, Glasses, Sensors, Photonic devices, Integrated optics, Optical filters, Silicon, Waveguides, Absorption

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Proceedings Article | 21 May 2014 Paper

Paper

Advances in miniature spectrometer and sensor development

Jouko Malinen, Anna Rissanen, Heikki Saari, Pentti Karioja, Mikko Karppinen, Timo Aalto, Kari Tukkiniemi

Proceedings Volume 9101, 91010C (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2053567

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Spectroscopy, Electronics, Microopto electromechanical systems, Ultraviolet radiation, Light emitting diodes, Head, Mid-IR, Waveguides, Photonics

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Proceedings Article | 15 May 2014 Paper

Paper

Toward large-area roll-to-roll printed nanophotonic sensors

Pentti Karioja, Jussi Hiltunen, Sanna Aikio, Teemu Alajoki, Jarkko Tuominen, Marianne Hiltunen, Samuli Siitonen, Ville Kontturi, Karl Böhlen, Rene Hauser, Martin Charlton, Arjen Boersma, Peter Lieberzeit, Thorsten Felder, David Eustace, Eliav Haskal

Proceedings Volume 9141, 91410D (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2052496

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Ultraviolet radiation, Photonic crystals, Polymers, Semiconducting wafers, Nanoimprint lithography, Manufacturing, Interferometers, Waveguides, Nanophotonics

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Polymers have become an important material group in fabricating discrete photonic components and integrated optical devices. This is due to their good properties: high optical transmittance, versatile processability at relative low temperatures and potential for low-cost production. Recently, nanoimprinting or nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has obtained a plenty of research interest. In NIL, a mould is pressed against a substrate coated with a moldable material. After deformation of the material, the mold is separated and a replica of the mold is formed. Compared with conventional lithographic methods, imprinting is simple to carry out, requires less-complicated equipment and can provide high-resolution with high throughput. Nanoimprint lithography has shown potential to become a method for low-cost and high-throughput fabrication of nanostructures. We show the development process of nano-structured, large-area multi-parameter sensors using Photonic Crystal (PC) and Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) methodologies for environmental and pharmaceutical applications. We address these challenges by developing roll-to-roll (R2R) UV-nanoimprint fabrication methods. Our development steps are the following: Firstly, the proof of concept structures are fabricated by the use of wafer-level processes in Si-based materials. Secondly, the master molds of successful designs are fabricated, and they are used to transfer the nanophotonic structures into polymer materials using sheet-level UV-nanoimprinting. Thirdly, the sheet-level nanoimprinting processes are transferred to roll-to-roll fabrication. In order to enhance roll-to-roll manufacturing capabilities, silicone-based polymer material development was carried out. In the different development phases, Photonic Crystal and SERS sensor structures with increasing complexities were fabricated using polymer materials in order to enhance sheet-level and roll-to-roll manufacturing processes. In addition, chemical and molecular imprint (MIP) functionalization methods were applied in the sensor demonstrators. In this paper, the process flow in fabricating large-area nanophotonic structures by the use of sheet-level and roll-to-roll UV- nanoimprinting is reported.

Proceedings Article | 15 May 2014 Paper

Paper

Detection of low concentration formaldehyde gas by photonic crystal sensor fabricated by nanoimprint process in polymer material

A. Boersma, Renz van Ee, Ralph S. Stevens, Milan Saalmink, Martin D. Charlton, Michael Pollard, Ruiqi Chen, Ville Kontturi, Pentti Karioja, Teemu Alajoki

Proceedings Volume 9141, 91410F (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2052558

KEYWORDS: Refractive index, Polymers, Photonic crystals, Sensors, Receptors, Silicon, Polymeric sensors, Photorefractive polymers, Nanoparticles, Nanoimprint lithography

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Proceedings Article | 1 May 2014 Paper

Paper

Polymer and composite polymer slot waveguides

Marianne Hiltunen, William Fegadolli, Hugo L. Lira, Pasi Vahimaa, Jussi Hiltunen, Sanna Aikio, Vilson Almeida, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 9133, 91331G (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2052251

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Silicon, Polarization, Resonators, Interferometers, Refractive index, Polymer multimode waveguides, Glucose, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 17 May 2012 Paper

Paper

Long single-mode waveguides made by imprint patterning for optical interconnects and sensors

Mikko Karppinen, Jussi Hiltunen, Anna Kokkonen, Jarno Petäjä, Noriyuki Masuda, Marianne Hiltunen, Jarkko Tuominen, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 8428, 842814 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.923621

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Signal attenuation, Polymers, Manufacturing, Cladding, Optics manufacturing, Optical interconnects, Optical lithography, Sensors, Polymer multimode waveguides

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Proceedings Article | 8 May 2012 Paper

Paper

Layered polymer: inorganic composite waveguides for biosensor applications

Jussi Hiltunen, Meng Wang, Christina Liedert, Sanna Aikio, Noriyuki Masuda, Stuart Pearce, Martin Charlton, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 8427, 84270I (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.922267

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Refractive index, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Coating, Sensors, Interferometers, Biosensors, Cladding, Composites

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Proceedings Article | 31 March 2012 Open Access

Open Access

Paper

Printed hybrid systems

Pentti Karioja, Jukka-Tapani Mäkinen, Kimmo Keränen, Janne Aikio, Teemu Alajoki, Tuomo Jaakola, Matti Koponen, Antti Keränen, Mikko Heikkinen, Markus Tuomikoski, Riikka Suhonen, Leena Hakalahti, Pälvi Kopola, Jukka Hast, Ralf Liedert, Jussi Hiltunen, Noriyuki Masuda, Antti Kemppainen, Kari Rönkä, Raimo Korhonen

Proceedings Volume 8344, 83440G (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.915206

KEYWORDS: Electronics, Manufacturing, Printing, Light emitting diodes, Organic light emitting diodes, Polymers, Neodymium, Sensors, Solar cells, Assembly equipment

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Proceedings Article | 1 June 2011 Paper

Paper

UV-imprinting of single-mode polymeric waveguides

Jussi Hiltunen, Meng Wang, Marianne Hiltunen, Jarkko Puustinen, Jyrki Lappalainen, Stuart Pearce, Martin Charlton, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 8069, 80690U (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.886782

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Composites, Coating, Geometrical optics, Sensors, Optical lithography, Cladding, Refractive index

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Proceedings Article | 3 May 2011 Paper

Paper

Polymer based single and multislot waveguides

M. Hiltunen, J. Hiltunen, Antti Suutala, Jarkko Tuominen, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 8068, 806812 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.886815

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Refractive index, Photorefractive polymers, Finite element methods, Coating, Cladding, Etching, Titanium dioxide

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Proceedings Article | 25 November 2010 Paper

Paper

Fabrication of polymer waveguide devices for sensor applications

Mu Cheng, Jussi Hiltunen, Meng Wang, Antti Suutala, Pentti Karioja, Risto Myllylä

Proceedings Volume 7376, 73761A (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.871119

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Polymers, Polymer multimode waveguides, Refractive index, Sensors, Nanoimprint lithography, Light sources, Absorption, Polymer thin films, Lithography

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Proceedings Article | 14 May 2010 Paper

Paper

LTCC-based differential photo acoustic cell for ppm gas sensing

P. Karioja, K. Keränen, K. Kautio, J. Ollila, M. Heikkinen, I. Kauppinen, T. Kuusela, B. Matveev, M. McNie, R. Jenkins, J. Palve

Proceedings Volume 7726, 77260H (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.851854

KEYWORDS: Silicon, Sensors, Interferometers, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Sapphire, Absorption, Gas sensors, Glasses, Reflectivity, Waveguides

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Silicon MEMS cantilever-based photoacoustic technology allows for the sensing of ultra low gas concentrations with very wide dynamic range. The sensitivity enhancement is achieved with a cantilever microphone system in which the cantilever displacement is probed with an optical interferometer providing a pico-meter resolution. In the gas sensor, the silicon cantilever microphone is placed in a two-chamber differential gas cell. By monitoring differential pressure changes between the two chambers, the differential cell operates as a differential infra-red detector for optical absorption signals through a measurement and reference path. The differential pressure signal is proportional to gas concentration in the optical measurement path. We have designed, implemented and tested a differential photo acoustic gas cell based on Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) multilayer substrate technology. Standard LTCC technology enables implementation of 2.5D structures including holes, cavities and channels into the electronic substrate. The implemented differential photoacoustic gas cell structure includes two 10 mm long cylindrical cells, diameter of 2.4 mm. Reflectance measurements of the cell showed that reflectivity of the substrate material can be improved by a factor 15 - 90 in the 3 - 8 μm spectral region using gold or silver paste coatings. A transparent window is required in the differential gas cell structure in order to probe the displacement of the silicon cantilever. The transparent sapphire window was sealed to the LTCC substrate using two methods: screen printed Au80/Sn20 solder paste and pre-attached glass solder paste (Diemat DM2700P/H848). Both methods were shown to provide hermetic sealing of sapphire windows to LTCC substrate. The measured He-leak rate for the 10 sealed test samples implemented using glass paste were less than 2.0 ×10^-9 atm×cm³/s, which meets the requirement for the leak rate according to MIL-STD 883. The achieved hermetic level suggests that the proof-of-principle packaging demonstrator paves the way for implementing a novel differential photoacoustic gas cell for a future miniature gas sensor module. The future module consisting of a sample gas cell and immersion lens IR-LEDs together with interferometric probing of the cantilever microphone is expected to be capable of measuring ultra low concentrations of a wide range of gases with their fundamental absorption bands at 3 - 7 μm wavelength, such as CO, CO2 and CH₄.

Proceedings Article | 24 February 2010 Paper

Paper

Differential photo-acoustic gas cell based on LTCC for ppm gas sensing

K. Keränen, K. Kautio, J. Ollila, M. Heikkinen, I. Kauppinen, T. Kuusela, B. Matveev, M. McNie, R. Jenkins, P. Karioja

Proceedings Volume 7607, 760714 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.841363

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Silicon, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Interferometers, Sapphire, Gas sensors, Light emitting diodes, Waveguides, Reflectivity, Absorption

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Silicon MEMS cantilever-based photoacoustic technology allows for the sensing of ultra low gas concentrations with very wide dynamic range. The sensitivity enhancement is achieved with a cantilever microphone system in which the cantilever displacement is probed with an optical interferometer providing a pico-meter resolution. In the gas sensor, the silicon cantilever microphone is placed in a two-chamber differential gas cell. By monitoring differential pressure changes between the two chambers, the differential cell operates as a differential infra-red detector for optical absorption signals through a measurement and reference path. The differential pressure signal is proportional to gas concentration in the optical measurement path. We have designed, implemented and tested a differential photo-acoustic gas cell based on Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) multilayer substrate technology. Standard LTCC technology enables implementation of 2.5D structures including holes, cavities and channels into the electronic substrate. The implemented differential photoacoustic gas cell structure includes two 10 mm long cylindrical cells, diameter of 2.4 mm. Reflectance measurements of the cell showed that reflectivity of the substrate material can be improved by a factor 15 - 90 in the 3 - 8 μm spectral region using gold or silver paste coatings. A transparent window is required in the differential gas cell structure in order to probe the displacement of the silicon cantilever. The transparent sapphire window was sealed to the LTCC substrate using two methods: screen printed Au80/Sn20 solder paste and pre-attached glass solder paste (Diemat DM2700P/H848). Both methods were shown to provide hermetic sealing of sapphire windows to LTCC substrate. The measured He-leak rate for the 10 sealed test samples implemented using glass paste were under 2.0 ×10^-9 atm×cm3/s, which meets the requirement for the leak rate according to MIL-STD 883. The achieved hermeticity level suggests that the proof-of-principle packaging demonstrator paves the way for implementing a novel differential photoacoustic gas cell for a future miniature gas sensor module. The future module consisting of a sample gas cell and immersion lens IR LEDs together with interferometric probing of the cantilever microphone is expected to be capable of measuring ultra low concentrations of a wide range of gases with their fundamental absorption bands at 3 - 7 μm wavelength, such as CO, CO₂ and CH₄.

Proceedings Article | 15 May 2008 Paper

Paper

Fabrication method to create high-aspect ratio pillars for photonic coupling of board level interconnects

C. Debaes, J. Van Erps, M. Karppinen, J. Hiltunen, H. Suyal, A. Last, M. Lee, P. Karioja, M. Taghizadeh, J. Mohr, H. Thienpont, A. Glebov

Proceedings Volume 6992, 69920T (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.782721

KEYWORDS: Multiphoton lithography, Polymers, Waveguides, Photomasks, Lithography, Optical interconnects, Optoelectronics, Ultraviolet radiation, Scanning electron microscopy, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 1 May 2008 Paper

Paper

Electro-optical properties of BaTiO3-SrTiO3 multilayer thin films for waveguide modulators

Jussi Hiltunen, Mikko Karppinen, Pentti Karioja, Jyrki Lappalainen, Jarkko Puustinen, Vilho Lantto, Harry Tuller

Proceedings Volume 6996, 69960H (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.781163

KEYWORDS: Electro optics, Superlattices, Waveguides, Thin films, Modulators, Multilayers, Thin film devices, Electrodes, Polarization, Satellites

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Proceedings Article | 16 May 2007 Paper

Paper

Inmould integration of a microscope add-on system to a 1.3 Mpix camera phone

Jukka-Tapani Mäkinen, Kimmo Keränen, Jehki Hakkarainen, Mikko Silvennoinen, Timo Salmi, Seppo Syrjälä, Anneli Ojapalo, Marcus Schorpp, Pekka Hoskio, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 6585, 658507 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.722741

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Light emitting diodes, Microscopes, Optics manufacturing, Integrated optics, Imaging systems, Optical design, Prototyping, Lens design, Image resolution

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Proceedings Article | 16 May 2007 Paper

Paper

Low temperature co-fired ceramics on optoelectronic sensors integration

Ville Moilanen, Kari Kautio, Pentti Karioja, Raimo Rikola, Jarmo Lehtomaa, Jouko Malinen

Proceedings Volume 6585, 658506 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.724158

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Lead, Detector arrays, Light emitting diodes, Signal detection, Chemical elements, Packaging, Assembly equipment, Infrared radiation, Ceramics

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Proceedings Article | 1 May 2007 Paper

Paper

Injection moulding integration of a red VCSEL illuminator module for a hologram reader sensor

Kimmo Keränen, Toni Saastamoinen, Jukka-Tapani Mäkinen, Mikko Silvennoinen, Ilpo Mustonen, Pasi Vahimaa, Timo Jääskeläinen, Ari Lehto, Anneli Ojapalo, Marcus Schorpp, Pekka Hoskio, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 6585, 658503 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.722700

KEYWORDS: Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Manufacturing, Prototyping, Fiber optic illuminators, Optics manufacturing, Optical alignment, Modeling, Diamond, Assembly tolerances, Packaging

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A red VCSEL illuminator module demonstrator was manufactured by injection moulding integration. A red VCSEL chip was first attached to a simple FR4 substrate, which contains bonding pads and conducting wires for the VCSEL chip attachment and electrical driving. The substrate was then placed as an insert in an injection mould. The VCSEL chip shielding and optics formation was made in a one-step injection moulding process. The used optical thermoplastic in the processing was polycarbonate (PC). The pursued optical function of the single spherical surface attained in the moulding was to collimate the emitted red light (&lgr;=664.5 nm) from the VCSEL chip. The main critical issue related to the manufacturing of the illuminator module in the injection moulding process was the durability of bonding wire contacts. A single 25 &mgr;m diameter gold wire was used in wire bonding in order to create the upper contact to the chip. The lower contact was processed by attaching the chip to the substrate using conductive epoxy. A test series of 20 modules using FR4 substrate materials were produced. The number of fully operative modules was 12 resulting total module yield of 60%. The main reason for a non-operative module was loosening of the bonding wire during the injection moulding process. The bonding wire durability in the moulding process can be improved by using glob-top shielding of the VCSEL device before injection moulding and using a lower holding pressure in the injection moulding process. A diamond turned insert was used in the mould in order to create a high quality lens surface on the top of the VCSEL chip. The tower average length after one iteration round by mould modification was 8.676 &mgr;m, so the measured value was on average 20 &mgr;m larger than nominal value. The measured RMS roughness of the processed lens surface was 5 ... 7 nm and the radius -3.23 ... 3.83 mm. The radius of the lens and the length of the tower varied depending of the used process parameters. The manufactured illumination module can be integrated with a CMOS image matrix sensor in order to form a compact hologram reader system. The injection moulding integration principle seems to be very promising method to manufacture intelligently integrated and cost-effective optoelectronic products according to experience with this demonstrator.

Proceedings Article | 21 April 2006 Paper

Paper

Parallel optical interconnect between surface-mounted devices on FR4 printed wiring board using embedded waveguides and passive optical alignments

Mikko Karppinen, Teemu Alajoki, Antti Tanskanen, Kari Kataja, Jukka-Tapani Mäkinen, Pentti Karioja, Marika Immonen, Jorma Kivilahti

Proceedings Volume 6185, 61850O (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.664386

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Tolerancing, Microlens array, Optical alignment, Micromirrors, Receivers, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Optical interconnects, Monte Carlo methods, Transmitters

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Proceedings Article | 21 April 2006 Paper

Paper

Cost-efficient hermetic fibre pigtailed laser module utilizing passive device alignment on an LTCC substrate

K. Keränen, J. Ollila, J.-T Mäkinen, K. Kautio, P. Korhonen, V. Heikkinen, O. Väätäinen, J. Heilala, P. Karioja

Proceedings Volume 6185, 61850N (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.663753

KEYWORDS: Prototyping, Manufacturing, Tolerancing, Fiber lasers, Optical simulations, Modeling, Monte Carlo methods, Semiconductor lasers, Packaging, Glasses

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A hermetic fibre pigtailed laser module utilizing passive device alignment on a low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) substrate is demonstrated. The 3-dimensional shape of the laminated and fired ceramic substrate provides the necessary alignment structures including holes, grooves and cavities for the laser to fibre coupling. The achieved passive alignment accuracy allows high coupling efficiency realizations of multi-mode fibre pigtailed laser modules. The ceramic substrate is intrinsically hermetic and it opens up a possibility to produce cost efficient hermetic packaging. In our concept hermetic sealing is produced by utilizing Kovar frame, which is soldered to an LTCC substrate. Kovar frame has a hole for fibre feed-trough and a hermetic glass-metal sealing between fibre and frame is processed using glass preform. The heart of the module is a power laser diode chip, which can produce several watts of continuous power. The module, however, can be finally used as a transmitter in a laser pulse time-of-flight distance sensor and in this application it can be overdriven by a factor of 10. This means that the peak optical power in the pulses can be several tens of watts. The laser chip allows this kind of overdriving due to the fact that the duty factor in the operation is only 0.0001 at 2 kHz pulsing frequency. Optical coupling efficiency of the multi-mode laser system was simulated using optical systems simulation software. The nominal coupling efficiency between 210 μm x 1μm stripe laser and 200/220 μm step index fibre (NA=0.22) was 0.65. The simulated coupling efficiency was verified by prototype realization and characterization. The measured average coupling efficiency of the hermetically sealed prototypes was 0.39. The coupling efficiencies of prototypes varied from 0.14 to 0.64. Leak rate of 1 x 10^-7 [atm x cm³/s] was measured in the helium leak tests for the final prototype module, when the module was tested according to MIL-STD-883D method 1014.9 specification. Leak rate for the module using a buffer stripper fibre without a rubber guard tube was 3 x 10^-9 [atm x cm³/s]. The background helium level before and after the tests was less than 3 x 10^-10[atm x cm³/s]. This clearly higher leak rate in the final module leak measurement is mainly due to the absorbed helium to the fibre polymer buffer layer and rubber guard tube in the pressurization process. Measurements show that the implemented module is hermetic. Cost-of-ownership modelling was performed starting from low production volume up to production of 10 million good modules per year. Module production cost was estimated through COO modelling. Modelling forecasted that the module production can be lower than 10 EUR in high volume production.

Proceedings Article | 21 April 2006 Paper

Paper

Packaging a free-space intra-chip optical interconnect module: Monte Carlo tolerance study and assembly results

Michael Vervaeke, Markku Lahti, Mikko Karpinnen, Christof Debaes, Bart Volckaerts, Pentti Karioja, Hugo Thienpont

Proceedings Volume 6185, 61850P (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.662812

KEYWORDS: Monte Carlo methods, Tolerancing, Optical interconnects, Error analysis, Packaging, Adhesives, Optical simulations, Optical spheres, Assembly tolerances, 3D modeling

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In this paper we give an overview of the fabrication and assembly induced performance degradation of an intra-multi-chip-module free-space optical interconnect, integrating micro-lenses and a deflection prism above a dense opto-electronic chip. The proposed component is used to demonstrate the capabilities of an accurate micro-optical rapid prototype technique, namely the Deep Proton Writing (DPW). To evaluate the accuracy of DPW and to assess whether our assembly scheme will provide us with a reasonable process yield, we have built a simulation framework combining mechanical Monte Carlo analysis with optical simulations. Both the technological requirements to ensure a high process yield, and the specifications of our in-house DPW technology are discussed. Therefore, we first conduct a sensitivity analysis and we subsequently simulate the effect of combined errors using a Monte Carlo simulation. We are able to investigate the effect of a technology accuracy enhancement on the fabrication and assembly yield by scaling the standard deviation of the errors proportionally to each sensitivity interval. We estimate that 40% of the systems fabricated with DPW will show an optical transmission efficiency above -4.32 dB, which is -3 dB below the theoretical obtainable value. We also discuss our efforts to implement an opto-mechanical Monte Carlo simulator. It enables us to address specific issues not directly related with the micro-optical or DPW components, such as the influence of glueing layers and structures that allow for self-alignment, by combining mechanical tolerancing algorithms with optical simulation software. More in particular we determined that DPW provides ample accuracy to meet the requirements to obtain a high manufacturing yield. Finally, we shortly highlight the basic layout of a completed demonstrator. The adhesive bonding of opto-electronic devices in their package is subject to further improvement to enhance the tilt accuracy of the devices with respect to the optical interconnect modules.

Proceedings Article | 20 October 2005 Paper

Paper

Implementing a prototyping network for injection moulded imaging lenses in Finland

K. Keränen, J.-T. Mäkinen, E.J. Pääkkönen, M. Koponen, M. Karttunen, J. Hiltunen, P. Karioja

Proceedings Volume 5965, 59651E (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.625118

KEYWORDS: Prototyping, Lens design, Lenses, Manufacturing, Modulation transfer functions, Cameras, Optics manufacturing, Surface finishing, Tolerancing, Surface roughness

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A network for prototyping imaging lenses using injection moulding was established in Finland. The network consists of several academic and industrial partners capable of designing, processing and characterising imaging lenses produced by injection moulding technology. In order to validate the operation of the network a demonstrator lens was produced. The process steps included in the manufacturing were lens specification, designing and modelling, material selection, mould tooling, moulding process simulation, injection moulding and characterisation. A magnifying imaging singlet lens to be used as an add-on in a camera phone was selected as a demonstrator. The design of the add-on lens proved to be somewhat challenging, but a double aspheric singlet lens design fulfilling nearly the requirement specification was produced. In the material selection task the overall characteristics profile of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) material was seen to be the most fitting to the pilot case. It is a low cost material with good moulding properties and therefore it was selected as a material for the pilot lens. Lens mould design was performed using I-DEAS and tested by using MoldFlow 3D injection moulding simulation software. The simulations predicted the achievable lens quality in the processing, when using a two-cavity mould design. First cavity was tooled directly into the mould plate and the second cavity was made by tooling separate insert pieces for the mould. Mould material was steel and the inserts were made from Moldmax copper alloy. Parts were tooled with high speed milling machines. Insert pieces were hand polished after tooling. Prototype lenses were injection moulded using two PMMA grades, namely 6N and 7N. Different process parameters were also experimented in the injection moulding test runs. Prototypes were characterised by measuring mechanical dimensions, surface profile, roughness and MTF of the lenses. Characterisations showed that the lens surface RMS roughness was 30-50 nm and the profile deviation was 5 μm from the design at a distance of 0.3 mm from the lens vertex. These manufacturing defects caused that the measured MTF values were lower than designed. The lens overall quality, however, was adequate to demonstrate the concept successfully. Through the implementation of the demonstrator lens we could test effectively different stages of the manufacturing process and get information about process component weight and risk factors and validate the overall performance of the network.

Proceedings Article | 8 September 2004 Paper

Paper

Embedded optical interconnect on printed wiring board

Mikko Karppinen, Jukka-Tapani Makinen, Kari Kataja, Antti Tanskanen, Teemu Alajoki, Pentti Karioja, Marika Immonen, Jorma Kivilahti

Proceedings Volume 5453, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.545931

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Tolerancing, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Monte Carlo methods, Transmitters, Receivers, Microlens array, Lenses, Polymers, Optical alignment

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2004 Paper

Paper

Modeling of active fiber Bragg grating underwater acoustic sensor

Pawel Wierzba, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 5576, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.581844

KEYWORDS: Fiber Bragg gratings, Transducers, Sensors, Acoustics, Coating, Modeling, Fiber lasers, Finite element methods, Active sensors, Signal detection

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2004 Paper

Paper

Comprehensive modeling of interferometric hydrophone with self-supported mandrel transducer

Pawel Wierzba, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 5576, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.581843

KEYWORDS: Transducers, Epoxies, Finite element methods, Interferometry, Modeling, Acoustics, Optical fibers, Silicon, Aluminum, 3D modeling

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Proceedings Article | 18 August 2004 Paper

Paper

Photo-crosslinkable hybrid material with improved aging stability for integrated optics

Maja Kusevic, Arto Maaninen, Jussi Hiltunen, Marianne Hiltunen, Jarkko Tuominen, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 5451, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.545488

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Silicon, Signal attenuation, Refractive index, Integrated optics, Sol-gels, Interferometers, Zirconium dioxide, Materials processing, Optical components

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Proceedings Article | 10 June 2004 Paper

Paper

Optical interconnect on printed wiring board

Mikko Karppinen, Jukka-Tapani Makinen, Kari Kataja, Antti Tanskanen, Teemu Alajoki, Pentti Karioja, Marika Immonen, Jorma Kivilahti

Proceedings Volume 5358, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.530350

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Tolerancing, Monte Carlo methods, Transmitters, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Receivers, Lenses, Sensors, Optical interconnects, Optical alignment

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Proceedings Article | 10 June 2004 Paper

Paper

Cost-effective packaging of laser modules using LTCC substrates

Kimmo Keranen, Jukka-Tapani Makinen, Juhani Heilala, Otso Vaatainen, Kari Kautio, Jyrki Ollila, Jarno Petaja, Mikko Karppinen, Veli Heikkinen, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 5358, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.528280

KEYWORDS: Tolerancing, Monte Carlo methods, Fiber lasers, Optical simulations, Optical alignment, Packaging, Semiconductor lasers, Manufacturing, Multimode fibers, Optics manufacturing

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Proceedings Article | 18 February 2004 Paper

Paper

Imaging lens design using image quality metric

Jean-Luc Olives, Timo Kolehmainen, Janne Aikio, Kari Kataja, Pentti Karioja, Tero Vuori, T. Mustonen

Proceedings Volume 5249, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.512817

KEYWORDS: Image quality, Imaging systems, Modulation transfer functions, Lens design, Image sensors, LCDs, Visualization, Sensors, Signal to noise ratio, Objectives

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Proceedings Article | 22 January 2004 Paper

Paper

Simulation of imaging system's performance

Timo Kolehmainen, Janne Aikio, Mikko Karppinen, Antti-Jussi Mattila, Jukka-Tapani Makinen, Kari Kataja, Kari Tukkiniemi, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 5178, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.504330

KEYWORDS: Imaging systems, Image sensors, Sensors, Image quality, RGB color model, Lens design, Modulation transfer functions, Point spread functions, Visualization, Raster graphics

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Proceedings Article | 22 January 2004 Paper

Paper

Prototyping of miniature plastic imaging lens

Jukka-Tapani Makinen, Janne Aikio, Veli-Pekka Putila, Kimmo Keranen, Pentti Karioja, Timo Kolehmainen, Janne Haavisto

Proceedings Volume 5178, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.503480

KEYWORDS: Prototyping, Optics manufacturing, Optical design, Optomechanical design, Tolerancing, Manufacturing, Performance modeling, Design for manufacturability, Lens design, Image quality

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Proceedings Article | 18 June 2002 Paper

Paper

Extremely short external cavity lasers: the use of wavelength tuning effects in near field sensing

Janne Aikio, Kari Kataja, Teemu Alajoki, Pentti Karioja, Dennis Howe

Proceedings Volume 4640, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.433253

KEYWORDS: Wavelength tuning, Reflectivity, Mirrors, Semiconductor lasers, Near field, Sensors, Tunable lasers, Laser optics, Laser resonators, Optical discs

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Proceedings Article | 18 June 2002 Paper

Paper

Sol-gel technologies for multimode waveguide devices

Pentti Karioja, Maja Kusevic, Marianne Hiltunen, Janne Paaso, Jukka-Tapani Maekinen, Jussi Hiltunen, Kari Kautio, Harri Kopola

Proceedings Volume 4640, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.433291

KEYWORDS: Sol-gels, Waveguides, Tolerancing, Optical alignment, Ceramics, Systems modeling, Packaging, Optical lithography, 3D modeling, Manufacturing

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 April 2002

Wireless infrared data links: ray-trace simulations of diffuse channelsand demonstration of diffractive element for multi-beam transmitters

Mikko Karppinen, Kari Kataja, Jukka-Tapani Maekinen, Sanna Aikio, Hannu Rajaniemi, Pertti Paeaekkoenen, Jari Turunen, Juha Rantala, Pentti Karioja

OE, Vol. 41, Issue 04, (April 2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.1456538

KEYWORDS: Transmitters, Sensors, Monte Carlo methods, Scattering, Receivers, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Computer simulations, Diffraction, Ray tracing, Data modeling

Proceedings Article | 10 January 2002 Paper

Paper

Technical considerations for optical disks in cellular mobile terminals

Jakke Makela, Mikko Juhola, Janne Aikio, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 4342, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.453402

KEYWORDS: Optical discs, Optical storage, Francium, Roentgenium, Cell phones, Standards development

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 January 2002

Comparison of distributed fiber optic sensing methods for location and quantity information measurements

Ilkka Alasaarela, Pentti Karioja, Harri Kopola

OE, Vol. 41, Issue 01, (January 2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.1416743

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Spatial resolution, Modulation, Polarization, Fiber optics sensors, Time metrology, Interferometry, Light scattering, Scattering, Kerr effect

Proceedings Article | 13 December 2001 Paper

Paper

Passively aligned fiber-optic transmitter integrated into LTCC module

Mikko Karppinen, Kari Kautio, Mikko Haekkinen, Jonna Haekkilae, Pentti Karioja, Tomi Jouhti, Ari Tervonen, Markku Oksanen

Proceedings Volume 4455, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.450448

KEYWORDS: Transmitters, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Tolerancing, Structured optical fibers, Optical alignment, Fiber optics, Multimode fibers, Prototyping, Manufacturing, Electronics

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Proceedings Article | 13 December 2001 Paper

Paper

Free-space optical backplanes based on beaconlike links or on a ring bus

Mikko Karppinen, Jukka-Tapani Maekinen, Antti Kemppainen, Marianne Borenius, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 4455, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.450429

KEYWORDS: Receivers, Signal attenuation, Transmitters, Sensors, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Tolerancing, Free space optics, Optical alignment, Optical interconnects, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 8 November 2001 Paper

Paper

Optical information storage in cellular mobile terminals

Jakke Makela, Janne Aikio, Venkatesh Vadde, Timo Kolehmainen, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 4534, (2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.448015

KEYWORDS: Standards development, Optical storage, Magnetism, Optical discs, Interfaces, Compact discs, Data storage, Manufacturing, Solid state electronics, Optics manufacturing

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 October 2001

Miniaturization and module integration of an infrared spectrometer

Kimmo Keraenen, Pentti Karioja, Martti Blomberg, Jussi Tenhunen, Outi Rusanen, Harri Kopola

OE, Vol. 40, Issue 10, (October 2001) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.1406132

KEYWORDS: Silicon, Sensors, Systems modeling, Infrared spectroscopy, Signal detection, Spectroscopy, Infrared radiation, System integration, Adhesives, Geometrical optics

Proceedings Article | 1 September 2000 Paper

Paper

Fabrication and packaging of optical components and microsystems

Juha Rantala, Janne Aikio, Pentti Karioja, Michael Descour, Harri Kopola, Jorma Lammasniemi

Proceedings Volume 4075, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.397926

KEYWORDS: Semiconductor lasers, Fiber lasers, Optical components, Glasses, Mirrors, Silicon, Reflectivity, Tunable lasers, Packaging, Optical alignment

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Proceedings Article | 27 April 2000 Paper

Paper

Ray-tracing simulations of free-space optical channels for impulse response studies of indoor data links

Mikko Karppinen, Sanna Aikio, Jukka-Tapani Maekinen, Hannu Rajaniemi, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 3952, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.384408

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Monte Carlo methods, Transmitters, Scattering, Receivers, Infrared radiation, Ray tracing, Optical simulations, Free space optics, Computer simulations

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 April 2000

All-optical fiber optic interface for sensors and actuators

Pentti Karioja, Risto Jurva, Kimmo Keraenen, Kari Tukkiniemi, Jouko Haapamaa, Ari Tervonen, Marja Englund

OE, Vol. 39, Issue 04, (April 2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.602463

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Sensors, Integrated optics, Photovoltaics, Solar cells, Actuators, Interfaces, Fiber optics sensors, Light emitting diodes, Data transmission

Proceedings Article | 10 March 2000 Paper

Paper

Diffractive optical element in free-space data transmission systems

Kari Kataja, Pertti Paakkonen, Jari Turunen, Juha Rantala, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 3951, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.379355

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, Chemical elements, Diffractive optical elements, Transmitters, Beam shaping, Sensors, Data transmission, CCD cameras, Binary data

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Proceedings Article | 6 August 1999 Paper

Paper

Wavelength-tunable hybrid laser diode realized by using an electrostatically tuned silicon micromachined Fabry-Perot interferometer

Janne Aikio, Yakov Sidorin, Martti Blomberg, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 3625, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.356918

KEYWORDS: Semiconductor lasers, Reflectivity, Fabry–Perot interferometers, Mirrors, Reflectors, Gaussian beams, Reflection, Fabry–Perot interferometry, Tunable lasers, Instrument modeling

Proceedings Article | 30 April 1999 Paper

Paper

Noise measurement of micromachined bolometers

Pawel Wierzba, Pentti Karioja, Harri Kopola

Proceedings Volume 3730, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.346860

KEYWORDS: Bolometers, Resistors, Amplifiers, Electronics, Sensors, Resistance, Bandpass filters, Switches, Optoelectronics, Micromachining

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Proceedings Article | 30 April 1999 Paper

Paper

Main characteristics of a miniaturized multipurpose infrared spectrometer

Kimmo Keraenen, Martti Blomberg, Outi Rusanen, Pentti Karioja, Jussi Tenhunen, Harri Kopola, Ari Lehto

Proceedings Volume 3631, (1999) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.348309

KEYWORDS: Spectroscopy, Silicon, Infrared spectroscopy, Mirrors, Infrared radiation, Sensors, Signal detection, Adhesives, Thermography, Modulation

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Proceedings Article | 4 December 1998 Paper

Paper

Accurate manufacturing and production of optoelectronic parts and modules

Tapio Hannula, Pentti Karioja, Kimmo Keraenen, Harri Kopola, Jouko Malinen, Jyrki Ollila

Proceedings Volume 3491, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.328716

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Silicon, Optoelectronics, Manufacturing, Spectroscopy, Electronics, Packaging, Metals, Mechanics, Glasses

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Proceedings Article | 17 June 1998 Paper

Paper

Fiber optic sensors for traffic monitoring applications

Pekka Suopajaervi, Riku Pennala, Mikko Heikkinen, Pentti Karioja, Veijo Lyori, Risto Myllylae, Seppo Nissilae, Harri Kopola, Heikki Suni

Proceedings Volume 3325, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.310611

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Speckle, Fiber optics sensors, Roads, Optical fibers, Signal attenuation, Signal detection, Structured optical fibers, Modulation, Speckle pattern

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Proceedings Article | 15 March 1998 Paper

Paper

Hybridization, assembling, and testing of miniaturized optoelectronic modules for sensors and microsystems

Harri Kopola, Pentti Karioja, Outi Rusanen, Heikki Lehto, Jorma Lammasniemi

Proceedings Volume 3276, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.302409

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Silicon, Spectroscopy, Optoelectronics, Packaging, Light emitting diodes, Electronics, Manufacturing, Spectrographs, Microsystems

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Proceedings Article | 24 September 1997 Paper

Paper

Electrically tunable NIR spectrometer

Kimmo Keraenen, Pentti Karioja, Outi Rusanen, Jussi Tenhunen, Martti Blomberg, Heikki Lehto

Proceedings Volume 3099, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.281225

KEYWORDS: Silicon, Spectrometers, Packaging, Manufacturing, Interference filters, Fabry–Perot interferometry, Near infrared, Mirrors, Adhesives, Optical filters

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Proceedings Article | 24 September 1997 Paper

Paper

Fiber-optic security monitoring sensor

Marja Englund, Ari Ipatti, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 3099, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.281239

KEYWORDS: Fiber optics sensors, Fiber optics, Sensors, Optical fibers, Optical fiber cables, Speckle pattern, Electromagnetic interference, Structured optical fibers

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Proceedings Article | 6 June 1997 Paper

Paper

Wavelength tuning and intensity noise in diode laser butt coupling

Yakov Sidorin, Pentti Karioja, Dennis Howe

Proceedings Volume 2994, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.275626

KEYWORDS: Fabry–Perot interferometers, Semiconductor lasers, Reflectivity, Wavelength tuning, Diodes, Modulation, Mirrors, Reflectors, Fiber lasers, Laser damage threshold

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Proceedings Article | 23 January 1997 Paper

Paper

Integrated optics for instrumentation applications

Pentti Karioja, Jouko Lammasniemi, Ari Tervonen, Seppo Honkanen

Proceedings Volume 2997, (1997) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.264165

KEYWORDS: Integrated optics, Fiber optics, Waveguides, Solar cells, Sensors, Photovoltaics, Actuators, Light emitting diodes, Semiconductor lasers, Data transmission

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 September 1995

Passive fiber optic bus using bidirectional integrated optic bus access couplers

Pentti Karioja, Simo Tammela, Ari Tervonen, Seppo Honkanen

OE, Vol. 34, Issue 09, (September 1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/12.208109

KEYWORDS: Integrated optics, Fiber optics, Ion exchange, Optics manufacturing, Waveguides, Process modeling

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Proceedings Article | 4 April 1994 Paper

Paper

Optical attenuator using liquid crystal film

Pentti Karioja, Arto Karppinen, Harri Kopola, Risto Myllylae

Proceedings Volume 2175, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.172111

KEYWORDS: Liquid crystals, Scattering, Glasses, Silicon, Adhesives, Attenuators, Optical attenuators, Polymers, Electrodes, Packaging

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Proceedings Article | 13 August 1993 Paper

Paper

Properties of scattering liquid crystal films

Arto Karppinen, Harri Kopola, Risto Myllylae, Pentti Karioja

Proceedings Volume 1911, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.151203

KEYWORDS: Scattering, Light scattering, Liquid crystals, Rayleigh scattering, Epoxies, Optical properties, Geometrical optics, Glasses, Refractive index, Particles

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Proceedings Article | 24 June 1993 Paper

Paper

Inexpensive packaging techniques of fiber pigtailed laser diodes

Pentti Karioja, Kari Tukkiniemi, Veli Heikkinen, Ilkka Kaisto

Proceedings Volume 1851, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.147600

KEYWORDS: Adhesives, Fiber lasers, Laser welding, Semiconductor lasers, Packaging, Silicon, Temperature metrology, Optical alignment, Tolerancing, Pulsed laser operation

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Proceedings Article | 1 December 1991 Paper

Paper

Integrated optics bus access module for intramachine communication

Pentti Karioja, Simo Tammela, Tapio Hannula

Proceedings Volume 1533, (1991) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.48849

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Light emitting diodes, Adhesives, Integrated optics, Tolerancing, Electronics, Optomechanical design, Ion exchange, Connectors, Optical fiber cables

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Showing 5 of 60 publications

Conference Committee Involvement (6)

Micro-Optics

4 April 2016 | Brussels, Belgium

Micro-Optics

14 April 2014 | Brussels, Belgium

Micro-Optics

16 April 2012 | Brussels, Belgium

Micro-Optics

12 April 2010 | Brussels, Belgium

Micro-Optics

7 April 2008 | Strasbourg, France

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