The Simons Observatory (SO) will be a cosmic microwave background (CMB) survey experiment with three small-aperture telescopes (SATs) and one large-aperture telescope (LAT), which will observe from the Atacama Desert in Chile. In total, SO will field over 60,000 transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers in six spectral bands centered between 27 and 280 GHz in order to achieve the sensitivity necessary to measure or constrain numerous cosmological quantities. The SATs are optimized for a primordial gravitational wave signal in a parity odd polarization power spectrum at a large angular scale. We will present the latest status of the SAT development.
Ground-based observatories across a wide range of wavelengths implement cryogenic cooling techniques to increase the sensitivity of cameras and enable low temperature receiver technologies. Commercial pulse tube cryocoolers (PTCs) are frequently used to provide 40 K and 4 K stages as thermal shells in cameras. However, PTC operation is dependent on gravity, giving rise to changes in cooling capacity over the operational tilt range of pointed telescopes. We present a study of the performance of a PTC designed to provide a cooling capacity of 2.0 W at 4.2 K and 55 W at 45 K (Cryomech PT420-RM) from 0 to 55 degrees away from vertical to probe capacity as a function of angle over a set of realistic thermal loading conditions. We also discuss the design implications for current and future cryogenic cameras.
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