The content of chlorophyll-a is one of the important indicators of eutrophication in marine ranching. Accurate measurement of chlorophyll-a content is of great significance for the sustainable development of marine ranching. In order to realize insite detection of chlorophyll-a content in marine ranching, a chlorophyll-a fluorometer based on lock-in amplifier was designed according to the fluorescence characteristics of chlorophyll-a. A high-brightness 460nm LED was used as the excitation source and the chlorophyll-a fluorescence was detected at 680nm by a photodiode through an interference filter. At the same time, a reference light path was used to compensate the change of light source. The response of the sensor was tested using chlorophyll-a solution, the results showed the sensor has good linearity in the dynamic range and the correlation coefficient is 0.996. The noise level was tested using pure water, the test results showed that the sensor has good noise performance and the resolution of the sensor is 0.2μg/L.
The purpose of this paper is to use digital holographic imaging to capture the hologram of the underwater particles. Digital holography includes two steps: wavefront recording and wavefront reconstruction. In the experiments of the underwater particles, some technique issues, such as the principle of digital holography, zero-order item suppressing and reconstruction algorithm are discussed. The complex amplitude of the underwater particles is reconstructed using numerical methods based on the Kirchhoff-Fresnel integral formula. In this case, it enables reconstruction of the object wavefield in a plane at a distance d from hologram. This novel method for imaging the underwater particles using digital holography is an extremely valuable technique for the study of underwater particles fields as it has many advantages such as large depth of field, no focusing, high resolution and has the ability to record the wavefront information of all particles in the entire volume. Finally, this paper demonstrates it is possible for digital holographic imaging setup with less complexity to image underwater particles according to our laboratory results.
Fluorescence spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy are common physical methods used for water quality monitoring and analysis. However, in terms of sensitivity and selectivity, the absorption spectroscopy is still inferior; limited categories of organic contaminants can emit fluorescence, which constrains the analytical range. Here in, a novel feature extraction method is proposed in conjoint analysis of fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy to predict the category of water contaminants. The three-dimensional fluorescence spectra and absorption spectra of eight typical substances were studied. We extracted the outline of every three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum along the emission wavelengths axis, and then transformed it into a wavenumber spectrum. The symmetry axis and Stokes shift between fluorescence emission peak and absorption peak in their wavenumber spectra were set as two features. Theoretically, they depend only on the molecular structures of different substances. Moreover, four integral parameters in different absorption spectral ranges corresponding to functional groups were introduced to expand the analytical coverage of diverse contaminants including some non-fluorescent substances. Furthermore, we conducted long-term monitoring of river water near a dyeing and printing plant to demonstrate the prediction potential of this method. As an early warning system, the rapid prediction results can provide guidance for more targeted and detailed analysis and treatment.
In this paper, a novel approach was implemented to image the marine plankton using the in-line digital holographic technology. the digital holography can image all plankton in a certain volume and more information can be recorded including the intensity and phase information. Moreover, the lensless system cases no aberrations and reduces the complexity of structure. In the process of hologram reconstruction, numerical algorithms were developed based on the angle spectrum theory. In the experiments of marine plankton, some technical issues, such as reconstruction algorithm, numerical refocusing, zero-order term suppression, were discussed. We can obtain the reconstructing image layer by layer at different distances by changing the distance step, which demonstrates that digital holographic imaging is capable of digital refocusing. Digital holographic imaging has clear advantages over other optical methods for the analysis of marine plankton, which contributes to further microorganism identification in the oceanographic observation by using the digital image processing and microscopy techniques.
Ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy is one of physical methods used for chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements of water. The absorbances in ultraviolet band have a relationship to COD. However, turbidity in water could scatter emitting light and influence the absorbances. So it is very important to compensate for the impact of turbidity. In this study, the absorption spectra of standard COD solution (potassium acid phthalate), turbidity solution (Formazine) and their mixture are sampled in the wavelength range from 220 to 750 nm. The impacts of turbidity for COD measurement and compensation method are studied based on these data. The absorbance of mixture substract the absorbance of turbidity solution is less than the absorbance of standard COD solution. The result indicates that turbidity particles decrease the light absorption of organic molecules. Furthermore, we discover that the impact of turbidity is greater for the larger absorbance of the standard COD solution. Then attenuation coeffcient (AC()) is introduced and calculated based on exprimental results. In the process of turbidity compensation, the turbidity of solution is estimated using the absorbance of visible wavelength. The absorption spectra of the turbidity in the ultraviolet wavelength are simulated using normalization technique. The satisfactory prediction result of COD is achieved for the mixture after the turbidity compensation. In conclusion, the new turbidity compensation method could eliminate the influence of turbidity for COD measurements based on absorption spectroscopy.
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