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Michael R. Hamblin,1 James D. Carroll,2 Praveen Arany3
1Wellman Ctr. for Photomedicine (United States) 2THOR Photomedicine Ltd. (United Kingdom) 3National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (United States)
This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 8932, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Invited Panel Discussion, and Conference Committee listing.
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Benefit of concomitant infrared hyperthermia and low level laser therapy and ionizing
radiation is evaluated in this study. The purpose/objectives: presentation with locally
advanced bulky superficial tumors is clinically challenging. To enhance the efficacy of
chemotherapy and IMRT (intensity-modulated radiation therapy) and/or electron beam
therapy we have developed an inexpensive and clinically effective infrared hyperthermia
approach that combines black-body infrared radiation with halogen spectrum radiation and
discrete wave length infrared clinical lasers LLLT. The goal is to produce a composite
spectrum extending from the far infrared to near infrared and portions of the visible
spectrum with discrete penetrating wavelengths generated by the clinical infrared lasers
with frequencies of 810 nm and/or 830 nm. The composite spectrum from these sources is
applied before and after radiation therapy. We monitor the surface and in some cases
deeper temperatures with thermal probes, but use an array of surface probes as the limiting
safe thermal constraint in patient treatment while at the same time maximizing infrared
entry to deeper tissue layers. Fever-grade infrared hyperthermia is produced in the first
centimeters while non-thermal infrared effects act at deeper tissue layers. The combination
of these effects with ionizing radiation leads to improved tumor control in many cancers.
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The hypothesis explains the molecular basis for restoring mitochondrial function by laser therapy. It also explains how
laser therapy reverses both excessive oxidation (lack of NADH/FADH2) and excessive reduction (lack of O2) states of
cytochrome c oxidase complex. It is proposed that photons interact with heme molecules of cytochrome c oxidase. A
molecule of heme contains a porphyrin ring and an atom of iron in the center. The iron atom (Fe) can switch oxidation
states back and forth between ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) by accepting or releasing an electron. The porphyrin ring is
a complex aromatic molecule that has 26 pi electrons which are “delocalized”, spinning in the carbon rings creating a
resonating electromagnetic cloud. Photons with similar wavelengths are absorbed by the cloud increasing its energy. The
energy is then passed on to the centrally located atom of iron existing in a reduced state (Fe2+). The electrons on the
orbits of the iron atom accept this electromagnetic energy, and change orbitals to a higher energetic level. If the energy is
sufficient, electrons leave the atom entirely. If this occurs, Fe2+ become oxidized to Fe3+ releasing electrons, thus
restoring electron flow and the production of ATP. At the same time, electrons freed from complex IV may have
sufficient energy to be picked by NAD+/FADH and re-enter the chain at the complex I or II amplifying the flow of
electrons.
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From hypertension to diabetes, cancer to HIV, stroke to memory loss and learning disorders to septic shock, male
impotence to tuberculosis, there is probably no pathological condition where nitric oxide does not play an important
role. Nitric oxide is an analgesic, immune-modulator, vasodilator, anti-apoptotic, growth modulator, angiogenetic,
anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory and neuro-modulator. Because of the above actions of nitric oxide, many clinical
conditions associated with abnormal Nitric oxide (NO) production and bioavailability. Our novel therapeutic
approach is to restore the homeostasis of nitric oxide and replace the lost cells by combining nitric oxide therapy,
anti-oxidative therapy, low level laser therapy, plasma rich platelet therapy and stem cell therapy.
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VCSELs (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers ) provide a very versatile optical source for Low Light Therapy
applications. This talk will discuss performance characteristics and packaging demonstrations for VCSELs primarily
operating in the 680nm and 850nm regimes. At 680nm individual VCSELs produce >10mW, while >0.35W can be
provided from a 0.4mm2 emission area. Spectral width is typically 1-2nm even for a multi-mode or array device. At
850nm these numbers increase to >30mW and >0.8W. Even higher powers can be achieved under pulsed modulation,
i.e. 0.55W for a 680nm VCSEL or 1.2W for an 850nm VCSEL. While we report on results achieved at 680nm and
850nm, extension to wavelengths ranging from 660nm to 1000nm is easily achieved.
The packaging flexibility of VCSELs also makes them of significant interest to the Low Light Therapy community. We
will report on the incorporation of VCSELs into surface mount packages, including typical LED packages such as the
PLCC, or ceramic chip carriers. VCSELs in PLCC packages have been attached to flexible circuits to provide a broad
area illumination. We will also report on a unique chip on board package which easily allows for the addition of optical
elements such as diffusers, diffraction gratings or lenses. This package is 2mm on a side, sufficiently small for
incorporation into catheters or implantation.
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For understanding the mechanisms of low level laser/light therapy (LLLT), accurate knowledge of light interaction with
tissue is necessary. In this paper, we present a three dimensional, multi-layer Monte Carlo simulation tool for studying
light penetration and absorption in human skin. The skin is modeled as a three-layer participating medium, namely
epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous, where its geometrical and optical properties are obtained from the literature. Both
refraction and reflection are taken into account at the boundaries according to Snell’s law and Fresnel relations. A
forward Monte Carlo method was implemented and validated for accurately simulating light penetration and absorption
in absorbing and anisotropically scattering media. Local profiles of light penetration and volumetric absorption densities
were simulated for uniform as well as Gaussian profile beams with different spreads at 155 mW average power over the
spectral range from 1000 nm to 1900 nm. The results show the effects of beam profiles and wavelength on the local
fluence within each skin layer. Particularly, the results identify different wavelength bands for targeted deposition of
power in different skin layers. Finally, we show that light penetration scales well with the transport optical thickness of
skin. We expect that this tool along with the results presented will aid researchers resolve issues related to dose and
targeted delivery of energy in tissues for LLLT.
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Up to date the success of tooth replantation is still limited. The majority of the teeth is lost due to progressive external root resorption. The aim of this study was to assess, histologically, the effect of laser photobiomodulation on repair after tooth replantation. Sixty Wistar Albinus rats had the right upper incisor extracted and then divided into 4 groups: G1 - absence of storage medium; G2 - milk u s e d as storage medium; G3 – milk used as storage medium a n d followed by GaAlAs laser irradiation on dental surfaces and at the entrance of alveolus; G4 - milk used as storage medium associated with laser irradiation as in G3 before and after replantation on the buccal and palatal mucosa every 48 hours for 15 days. The animals were sacrificed at 15, 30 and 60 days after replantation. The results showed that after 15 days G4 exhibit more intense chronic inflammation, with presence of clastic cells and moderate inflammatory root resorption (p<0.05) when compared to G3, which presented absence of those parameters. At day 30 in G1, G2 and G4 mild to moderate chronic inflammation and severe external root resorption were observed. G3 remained with no inflammation and inflammatory root resorption with 30 and 60 days of healing experimental times. The results suggest that laser irradiation on the dental entrance of the dental alveolus prior to tooth replantation has a positive biomodulative effect on the healing process in rats.
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Low level light therapy (LLLT) has been clinically utilized for many indications in medicine requiring protection
from cell/tissue death, stimulation of healing and repair of injuries, pain reduction, swelling and inflammation.
Presently, use of LLLT to treat stroke, traumatic brain injury, and cognitive dysfunction is attracting growing
interest. Near-infrared light can penetrate into the brain tissue, allowing noninvasive treatment to be carried out
with few treatment-related adverse events. Optimization of LLLT treatment effect is one key issue of the field;
however, only a few experimental tests on mice for wavelength selection have been reported. We addressed this
issue by low-cost, straightforward and quantitative comparisons on light dosage distribution in Visible Chinese
human head with Monte Carlo modeling of light propagation. Optimized selection in wavelength, beam type and
size were given based on comparisons among frequently-used setups (i.e., wavelengths: 660 nm, 810 nm, 980 nm;
beam type: Gaussian and flat beam; beam diameter: 2 cm, 4 cm, 6cm).This study provided an efficient way to
guide optimization of LLLT setup and selection on wavelength, beam type and size for clinical brain LLLT.
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Wound healing is a highly orchestrated process and involves a wide variety of cellular components, chemokines and
growth factors. Laser irradiation has influenced gene expression and release of various growth factors, cytokines and
extracellular matrix proteins involved in wound healing. This study aimed to determine the expression profile of
genes involved in wound healing in wounded and diabetic wounded fibroblast cells in response to irradiation at a
wavelength of 660 nm. Human skin fibroblast cells (WS1) were irradiated with a diode laser (wavelength 660 nm;
fluence 5 J/cm2; power output 100 mW; power density 11 mW/cm2; spot size 9.1 cm2; exposure duration 7 min 35 s). Total RNA was isolated and 1 μg reverse transcribed into cDNA which was used as a template in real-time qualitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Eighty four genes involved in wound healing (extracellular matrix and cell adhesion; inflammatory cytokines and chemokines; growth factors; and signal transduction) were evaluated in
wounded and diabetic wounded cell models. Forty eight hours post-irradiation, 6 genes were significantly upregulated
and 8 genes were down-regulated in irradiated wounded cells, whereas 1 gene was up-regulated and 33
genes down-regulated in irradiated diabetic wounded cells. Irradiation of stressed fibroblast cells to a wavelength of
660 nm and a fluence of 5 J/cm2 modulated the expression of different genes involved in wound healing in different cell models. Modulation of these genes leads to the effects of laser irradiation seen both in vivo and in vitro, and facilitates the wound healing process.
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into a variety of cell types that could potentially be
used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Low intensity laser irradiation (LILI) has been shown to induce a
significant increase in cell viability and proliferation. Growth factors such as retinoic acid (RA) and transforming growth
factor β1 (TGF-β1) play important roles in the differentiation of cells. The aim of this study was to investigate whether LILI in combination with growth factors could induce the differentiation of adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) cocultured with smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The study used primary and continuous ADSC cell lines and a SMC line
(SKUT-1) as control. Cells were co-cultured directly at a ratio of 1:1 using established methods, with and without growth
factors and then exposed to LILI at 5 J/cm2 using a 636 nm diode laser. The cellular morphology, viability and
proliferation of the co-cultures were assessed over a period of one week. The study also monitored the expression of cell
specific markers over the same period of time. Genetic expression of the markers for both adipose derived stem cells (β1
Integrin and Thymidine 1) and smooth muscle cells (Heavy Myosin Chain) was monitored using flow cytometry. Cell
viability and proliferation increased significantly in the co-cultured groups that were exposed to laser alone, as well as in
combination with growth factors. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in the expression of stem cell markers in
the ADSCs over time. The results indicate that LILI in combination with growth factors not only increases the viability
and proliferation of co-cultured cells but also decreases the expression of ADSC stem cell markers. This could indicate
the possible differentiation of ADSCs into SMCs.
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The present study intended to examine the effect of visible red light on structural and cellular parameters on wounded
skin fibroblast cells. To achieve the stated objective, uniform scratch was created on confluent monolayered human skin
fibroblast cells, and were exposed to single dose of He-Ne laser (15 mm spot, 6.6808 mWcm-2) at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Jcm-2 in the presence and absence of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Beam profile measurements of the expanded laser beam were conducted to ensure the beam uniformity. The influence of laser dose on the change in temperature was recorded using sensitive temperature probe. Additionally, following laser exposure cell migration and cell survival were documented at different time intervals on wounded human skin fibroblast cells grown in vitro. Beam profile
measurements indicated more or less uniform power distribution over the whole beam area. Temperature monitoring of
sham irradiated control and laser treatment groups displayed negligible temperature change indicating the absence of
thermal effect at the tested laser doses. In the absence of 10% FBS, single exposure of different laser doses failed to
produce any significant effects on cell migration or cell survival. However, in the presence of serum single exposure of 5
J/cm2 on wounded skin fibroblasts significantly enhanced the cell migration (P<0.05) compared to the other tested doses (1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 J/cm2) and sham irradiated controls. In conclusion, the LLLT acts by improving cell migration and cell proliferation to produce measurable changes in wounded fibroblast cells.
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Cells in a tissue culture model for laser eye injury exhibit increased resistance to a lethal pulse of 2.0-μm laser radiation
if the cells are first exposed to 2.88 J/cm2 of red light 24 hr prior to the lethal laser exposure. Changes in expression of
various genes associated with apoptosis have been observed, but the biochemical link between light absorption and gene
expression remains unknown. Cytochome c oxidase (CCOX), in the electron transport chain, is the currentlyhypothesized
absorber. Absorption of the red light by CCOX is thought to facilitate displacement of nitric oxide (NO)
by O2 in the active site, increasing cellular respiration and intracellular ATP. However, NO is also an important
regulator and mediator of numerous physiological processes in a variety of cell and tissue types that is synthesized from
l-arginine by NO synthases. In an effort to determine the relative NO contributions from these competing pathways, we
measured NO levels in whole cells and subcellular fractions, with and without exposure to red light, using DAF-FM, a
fluorescent dye that stoichiometrically reacts with NO. Red light induced a small, but consistently reproducible,
increase in fluorescence intensity in whole cells and some subcellular fractions. Whole cells exhibited the highest
overall fluorescence intensity followed by (in order) cytosolic proteins, microsomes, then nuclei and mitochondria.
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Candidiasis is caused by Candida species found on the skin, gastrointestinal tract and mucous cavities of the humans and
may be acute, chronic, localized or systemic. Alhough C. albicans is the species most often identified as responsible for
this type of infection C. Tropicalis has been considered an emerging cause. The effect of the association of phenothiazine
- PTZ and laser on fluconazole-resistant C.tropicalis growth was tested. 2.5 x 106 CFU/mL 100mg/mL of phenothiazine with the pre-irradiation time of 10 min were irradiated with laser light (660 nm; 4.8 and 12 J/cm2 (L1 and L2 respectively) 40 mW) followed by incubation in RPMI for 24h. The following conditions were tested: control (control),
laser (L1 and L2), phenothiazine (F1 and F2), and PACT (F1L1 and F2L2). Statistically significant diferences were seen
between groups (L-F +) and (F + L +) for both conditions of the laser, with a growth inhibition of the yeast around 67
and 51%, respectively, however, when using only the laser there was an increase of 18% in the survival of these cells.
PACT's efficacy on fluconazole-resistant C. tropicalis depended on both the time of pre-irradiation and concentration of
the PTZ.
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Susana C. P. S. de Oliveira, Juliana S. C. Monteiro, Gustavo M. Pires-Santos, Fernando J. P. Sampaio D.D.S., Rafael Araújo Gomes Júnior, Maria F. M. Gesteira D.D.S., Aldo Brugnera, Fátima A. A. Zanin, Marcos A. Vannier-Santos, et al.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) using
phenothiazinium dyes - PTZ irradiated with red laser (λ660nm) or red-orange LED (λ632±2nm) on Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. triplicate tests were performed in 10 groups: control, Laser (L1+P- and L2+P-) bacterial suspensions were
irradiated only with laser energy 2.4 and 4.8 J/cm2 respectively, (Led1+P- and Led2+P-) irradiated only with LED energy
2.4 and 4.8 J/cm2 respectively, (L1+P+ and L2+P+) irradiated with laser in the presence of 1μg/ml of photosensitizer,
(Led1+P+ and Led2+P+) irradiated with LED in the presence of 1μg/ml of photosensitizer and finally (L-P+) only in the
presence of PTZ dye. Bactericidal effect of the PACT was assessed by counting colony-forming units. The results
showed no significant difference on regards different energy densities on group PACT for both lights. PACT groups
(L2+P+ and Led2+P+) compared to the Control showed significant reduction of CFUs. LED/Laser groups (L2+P- and
Led2+P-) compared to control and PTZ groups showed also significant differences as groups LED/Laser (4.8J/cm2)
increased the average of CFUs. Although the results of this study have shown a reduction in average number of colonyforming
units by the appropriate Laser or LED-dye treatment combination, it this topic requires further investigation.
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Metabolic syndrome comprises a constellation of morbidities such as insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, atherogenic
dyslipidemia, dysglycemia and obesity (especially abdominal). Metabolic alterations are observed in major insulin target
organs, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, type-2 diabetes and therefore mortality. Tissue alterations are
characterized by immune cells infiltrates (especially activated macrophages). Released inflammatory mediators such as
TNF-α induce chronic inflammation in subjects with metabolic syndrome, since inflammatory pathways are activated in
the neighboring cells. The intra-abdominal adipose tissue appears to be of particular importance in the onset of the
inflammatory state, and strategies contributing to modulate the inflammatory process within this adipose tissue can
mitigate the metabolic syndrome consequences. Considering the low level light therapy (LLLT) recognized benefits in
inflammatory conditions, we hypothesized this therapeutic approach could promote positive effects in modulating the
inflammatory state of metabolic syndrome. That being the scope of this study, male C57BL/6 mice were submitted to a
high-fat/high-fructose diet among 8 weeks to induce metabolic syndrome. Animals were then irradiated on the
abdominal region during 21 days using an 850 nm LED (6 sessions, 300 seconds per session, 60 mW output power,
~6 J/cm2 fluence, ~19 mW/cm2 fluence rate). Before and during treatment, blood was sampled either from the retroorbital
plexus or from tail puncture for glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides analysis. So far our results indicate no
alterations on these metabolic parameters after LLLT. For further investigations, blood was collected for plasma
inflammatory cytokine quantification and fresh ex vivo samples of liver and intra-abdominal adipose tissue were
harvested for immunohistochemistry purposes.
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The treatment of bone loss due to different etiologic factors is difficult and many techniques aim to improve
repair, including a wide range of biomaterials and, recently, phototherapies. This work assessed, by Raman
spectroscopy and histology, the mineralization of bone defects. Forty rats divided into 4 groups each subdivided
into 2 subgroups according to the time of sacrifice were used. Bone defects were made on the femur of each
animal with a trephine drill. On animals of group Clot the defect was filled only by blood clot, on group Laser
the defect filled with the clot was further irradiated. On animals of groups Biomaterial and Laser + Biomaterial
the defect was filled by biomaterial and the last one was further irradiated (λ780 nm, 70 mW, Φ ~ 0.4 cm2, 20 J/cm2-session, 140 J/cm2-treatment). At both 15th and 30th days following sacrifice, samples were taken and analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and light microscopy. Raman peaks of inorganic and organic contents and a
more advanced stage of repair were seen on group Laser + Biomaterial. It is concluded that the use of Laser
phototherapy associated to biomaterial was effective to improve the repair of bone defects.
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Low level laser therapy (LLLT) has been used for inflammation treatment. Here, we evaluate the effect of different
doses, using continuous (830 and 980 nm) and pulsed illumination (830 nm), in the treatment of inflammation induced in
the gastrocnemius muscle of Wistar rats, through cytokines concentration in systemic blood and histological analysis of
muscle tissue. Animals were randomly divided into five groups per wavelength (5 animals per group: 10, 20, 30, 40 and
50 mW) plus a control group. LLLT was applied during five days, with constant exposure time and irradiated area (3
minutes; 0.5026 cm2). Blood was collected on days 0, 3 and 6. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2 and IL-6 cytokines were quantified
by ELISA. Rats were killed on day 6. Muscle inflammatory cells were counted using optical microscopy. Treatment
effects occurred for all applied doses (largest effect at 40 mW: 7.2 J, 14 J/cm2 per irradiation), with reduction of proinflammatory
TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 cytokines and lower number of inflammatory cells. Results were better for 830 nm.
Identical methodology was used with pulsed illumination. Average power (40 mW) and duty cycle were kept constant
(80%) at five frequencies (5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 Hz). Treatment effects were observed at higher frequencies, with no
significant differences between them. However, the treatment effect was lower than for continuous illumination. LLLT
effect on inflammation treatment can be monitored by measuring systemic blood cytokines. A larger treatment effect was
observed with continuous illumination, where results seem to be compatible with a biphasic dose response.
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Investigations on the use of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) for wound healing especially with the red laser light have
demonstrated its pro-healing potential on a variety of pre-clinical and surgical wounds. However, until now, in LLLT the
effect of multiple exposure of low dose laser irradiation on acute wound healing on well-designed pre-clinical model is
not much explored. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of multiple exposure of low dose Helium Neon
laser on healing progression of full thickness excision wounds in Swiss albino mice. Further, the efficacy of the multiple
exposure of low dose laser irradiation was compared with the single exposure of optimum dose. Full thickness excision
wounds (circular) of 15 mm diameter were created, and subsequently illuminated with the multiple exposures (1, 2, 3, 4
and 5 exposure/ week until healing) of He-Ne (632.8 nm, 4.02 mWcm-2) laser at 0.5 Jcm-2 along with single exposure of
optimum laser dose (2 J/cm-2) and un-illuminated controls. Classical biophysical parameters such as contraction kinetics,
area under the curve and the mean healing time were documented as the assessment parameters to examine the efficacy
of multiple exposures with low level laser dose. Experimental findings substantiated that either single or multiple
exposures of 0.5 J/cm2 failed to produce any detectable alterations on wound contraction, area under the curve and mean
healing time compared to single exposure of optimum dose (2 Jcm-2) and un-illuminated controls. Single exposure of optimum, laser dose was found to be ideal for acute wound healing.
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Over the last few years, low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) has been demonstrated to be beneficial to
the field of aesthetic medicine, specifically aesthetic dermatology. LLLT encompasses a broad spectrum of
procedures, primarily cosmetic, which provide treatment options for a myriad of dermatological
conditions. Dermatological disorders involving inflammation, acne, scars, aging and pigmentation have
been investigated with the assistance of animal models and clinical trials. The most commercially
successful use of LLLT is for managing alopecia (hair loss) in both men and women. LLLT also seems to
play an influential role in procedures such as lipoplasty and liposuction, allowing for noninvasive and nonthermal
methods of subcutaneous fat reduction. LLLT offers a means to address such conditions with
improved efficacy versatility and no known side-effects; however comprehensive literature reports
covering the utility of LLLT are scarce and thus the need for coverage arises.
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Ahmed M. El-Kharbotly, Alyaa A. El-Gendy, Mouchira A. Mohammed, Manal R. El-Masry, Eitedal M. Daoud, Nagwa Hassan, Khaled G. Abdel-Wahab, Ghada Helmy, Taymour Mostafa
This prospective cohort study aimed to compare the efficiency of laser versus traditional acupuncture in
treating cervical spondylosis (CS) pain. Forty female patients were randomized into two equal groups that received 3
sessions / week for 4 weeks. Group A received needle acupuncture therapy with electrical stimulation for 20 min at
standard acupoints, ear points and Ashi point on the average 3 points. Group B received low level laser therapy
(LLLT) acupuncture at the same acupoints. The results demonstrated that tenderness disappeared in 65% of patients in
group A and 75% of patients in group B with improved percentage of 85.5% and 89.2%. Pain on VAS related to
direction of motion at 6 directions was improved in all cases where with improvement percentage 76.45% and
85.88%. Pain on VAS at rest was improved in all patients with improvement percentage of 80.41% and 84.28%.
NDIQ score improved in all patients with improvement percentage of 69.78% and 73.77%. Follow up of VAS after 6
months from the last session revealed persistent improvement in 55% of patients of group A vs 80% of patients of
group B. Mean serum TNF-α was decreased in 85% of patients of group A vs 95% of patients of group B where
serum beta endorphins was increased in all patients. It is concluded that both modes of treatment for CS gave
improvement regarding pain intensity, disability and quality of life being more evident in LLLT followed for 6 months
supported with improved serum TNFα and beta endorphin.
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Background: Painful neuropathy is a very common complication in diabetic patients. Various
treatment strategies like manual therapies, conservative management, drug therapy and exercise have
been opted for this problem. Studies have shown clinical effectiveness of laser acupuncture as well.
On the other hand, Amitryptaline is also a commonly used treatment for this disease. We aim to
compare the efficacy of both treatments.
Objective: To assess the effect of laser acupuncture in patients suffering from painful diabetic
neuropathy and its comparison with standard of care.
Patients and Method: This study was conducted in Diabetic and Endocrine Management Center
(DEMC) Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. A randomized control trial (RCT) was opted
and a total of 164 patients were chosen using Non-probability purposive sampling technique. Pain
was graded by using a patient friendly Visual Analogue Score (VAS), scoring from 0 to 10.
Treatment was done involving organized fortnightly follow ups. Data of all patients was recorded on
Performa and was entered and analyzed for descriptive statistics in PASW 18 (IBM®. SPSS).
Results: A total of 164 subjects were included in the study who were subdivided into three groups
labeled as A, B and C for laser therapy treatment, amitryptaline treatment and controls respectively.
The mean age of subjects was 51.54±10.46 in Group A, 49.38±10.56 in Group B and 51.70±11.43 in
Group C. The difference of mean ages in all study groups was statistically insignificant (p-value=
0.469). The average pain score in patients who received laser therapy was 5.95±0.91 before
treatment, whereas after treatment it was 4.31±0.98. The mean pain score in subjects having
Amitryptaline before starting the treatment was 6.87±0.71 and after treatment, it was 6.23±0.98. The
mean score for daily life activities in subjects who received laser therapy was 9.562.37 before
treatment, while after treatment it was 7.56±1.54. The average score for daily life activities in
patients having Amitryptaline before starting the treatment was 9.05±1.93 and after treatment, it was
8.11±1.71. Average depression and anxiety score in patients receiving laser therapy was 9.29±2.28
before treatment, whereas after treatment it was found to be 7.42±1.91. Similarly, the mean
depression and anxiety score in patients of Amitryptaline group before starting the treatment was
9.38±2.21 and after treatment, it was 8.38±2.14. Conclusion: The mean score in our study reveals
that laser therapy shows better outcomes in improvement of pain relief, depression, anxiety and daily
life activities compared to amitryptaline in patients of diabetic neuropathy.
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Beside of biomaterials, Laser phototherapy has shown positive results as auxiliary therapy on bone repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate, through histological analysis, the influence of Laser phototherapy in the process of repair of bone defects grafted or not with Hydroxyapatite. Forty rats were divided into 4 groups each subdivided into 2 subgroups according to the time of sacrifice. Surgical bone defects were made on femur of each animal with a trephine drill. On animals of group Clot the defect was filled only by blood, on group Laser the defect filled with the clot and further irradiated. In group Biomaterial the defect was filled with HA + β-TCP graft. In group Laser + Biomaterial, the defect was filled with biomaterial and further irradiated. The irradiation protocols were performed every 48 hours during for 15 days. Animal death occurred after 15 and 30 days. The specimens were routinely processed and evaluated by light microscopy. Qualitative analysis showed that group Laser + Biomaterial was in a more advanced stage of repair at the end of the experimental time. It was concluded that the Laser irradiation improved the repair of bone defects grafted or not.
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In Brazil solar incidence is high and continuous throughout the year. Body exposure to sunlight may be a key point in the
rates of individuals affected by melanoma and other types of skin cancer in many countries. Brazil already occupies the
15th place in the ranking of melanoma cases and the limitations presented by drugs used in the therapy of this cancer,
new approaches are being used in an attempt to decrease the mortality of this malignancy. The aim of this study was to
evaluate the effects of phenothiazinium dyes (PD) associated with laser light on murine melanoma (B16F10) in vitro by
measuring cell growth using colorimetric assay before and after photodynamic therapy. We used a diode laser (λ660nm,
2.4 J/cm2, 40 mW, 60 s, CW) associated with PD at 12.5 μg/mL, time pre-irradiation of 30 minutes). The following
groups were tested: control (LF-), PD (L-F+), Laser (L+F-), Laser + PD (L+F+). The results showed a significant
reduction in cell growth in the group treated by the photodynamic therapy compared to the control at 24 and 48 h (p <
0.001). Were showing at 30 min PD has a dose-dependent response on B16F10 cells, but at 24 h did not demonstrated
this response.
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Dental bleaching is a frequently requested procedure in clinical dental practice. The literature is contradictory regarding the effects of bleaching agents on both morphology and demineralization of enamel after bleaching. The aim of this study was to analyze by SEM the effect of 35% neutral hydrogen peroxide cured by green LED. Buccal surfaces of 15 pre-molars were sectioned and marked with a central groove to allow experimental and control groups on the same specimen. For SEM, 75 electron micrographs were evaluated by tree observers at 43X, 220X and 1000X. Quantitative analysis for the determination of the surface elemental composition of the samples through X-ray microanalysis by SEM was also performed. The protocol tested neither showed significant changes in mineral composition of the samples nor to dental enamel structure when compared to controls. SEM analysis allowed inferring that there were marked morphological differences between the enamel samples highlighting the need for the use of the same tooth in comparative morphological studies. The tested protocol did not cause morphological damage the enamel surface when compared to their respective controls.
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Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are attractive cell source for tissue engineering. However, one
obstacle to this approach is that the transplanted ASC population can decline rapidly in the recipient
tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on
transplanted human ASCs (hASCs) spheroid in a hindlimb ischemia animal model. LLLT, hASCs
spheroid and hASCs spheroid transplantation with LLLT (spheroid + LLLT) were applied to the
ischemic hindlimbs in athymic mice. The survival, differentiation and secretion of vascular
endothelial growth (VEGF) of spheroid ASCs were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The
spheroid + LLLT group enhanced the tissue regeneration, including angiogenesis, compared with
other groups. The spheroid contributed tissue regeneration via differentiation and secretion of
growth factors. In the spheroid + LLLT group, the survival of spheroid hASCs was increased by the
decreased apoptosis of spheroid hASCs in the ischemic hindlimb. The secretion of growth factors
was stimulated in the spheroid + LLLT group compared with the ASCs group and spheroid group.
These data suggest that LLLT is an effective biostimulator of spheroid hASCs in tissue regeneration
that enhances the survival of ASCs and stimulates the secretion of growth factors in the ischemic
hindlimb.
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Gardênia Matos Paraguassú, Isabele Cardoso Viera De Castro, Rebeca Mota Vasconcelos, Milena Goes da Guarda, Tânia Tavares Rodriguez, Maria José Pedreira Ramalho, Antônio Luiz Barbosa Pinheiro, Luciana Maria Pedreira Ramalho
Hypothyroidism has been associated with the disruption of the body's metabolism, including the healing
process. LED phototherapy has been studied using several healing models, but their effects on mast cells
proliferation associated to hypothyroidism remains unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effect
LED (λ630±20nm) phototherapy on mast cells proliferation during tissue repair in hypothyroid rats. Under
general anesthesia, a standard surgical wound (1cm2) was created on the dorsum of 24 male Wistar rats
divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each: EC-Control Euthyroid; ED-Euthyroid+LED; HC-Control
Hypothyroid and HD-Hypothyroid+LED. The irradiation started immediately after surgery and was repeated
every other day for 7 days, when animals death occurred. Hypothyroidism was induced in rats with
propylthiouracil (0.05g/100mL) administered orally for 4 weeks and maintained until the end of the
experiment. The specimens removed were processed to wax and stained with toluidine blue for mast cell
identification. The mast cell proliferation was significantly higher in HC group than in EC group (Mann
Whitney, p<0.05), but when ED group was compared to HD group, no significant difference was found. Our
results showed that there was increase of mast cells in the presence of hypothyroidism, prolonging the
inflammatory phase of repair, and the LED light has a biomodulative effect on mast cell population, even
when hipothyroidism was present.
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Obesity is associated to a delayed wound healing and prolonged inflammatory phase. Laser light has shown positive
results in the photobiomodulation of tissue repair; however, its use associated with systemic disorders such as obesity is
still little explored in the literature. The aim of this study was to validate an experimental system for studying weight
gaining by consuming a high fat diet called "cafeteria diet" (CD) for the induction of obesity. Forty-eight rats were
weaned, divided into two experimental groups: standard diet (SD) and Cafeteria Diet (CD). Free feeding was carried out
during 20 weeks and the mass gaining was accompanied. After general anesthesia standardized surgical wounds were
created (1cm2) in the dorsal midline region of each animal. Both groups (SD; CD) were divided into 2 subgroups of 12 animals, G1 and G3 (non-irradiated) and G2 and G4 (irradiated). The irradiation protocols (λ660 nm, 40 mW, CW; 24
J/cm2) started immediately after surgery and were repeated every other day during 14 days. The rats were killed at the
8th or 15th days after surgery. The abdominal fat was removed and weighed to verify the success of the induction
technique. The specimens were taken and routinely processed histology (hematoxylin/eosin) was performed. It was
concluded that the ingestion of fast-food increased abdominal fat in rats and modified the inflammatory pattern of the
healing. Laser phototherapy in the parameters employed decreased inflammatory intensity quickening wound healing in
obese rats.
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