This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 9300 including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

The components overheating inside an object, such as inside an electric control cabinet, a moving object, and a running machine, can easily lead to equipment failure or fire accident. The infrared remote sensing method is used to inspect the surface temperature of object to identify the overheating components inside the object in recent years. It has important practical application of using infrared thermal imaging surface temperature measurement to identify the internal overheating elements inside an electric control cabinet. In this paper, through the establishment of test bench of electric control cabinet, the experimental study was conducted on the inverse identification technology of internal overheating components inside an electric control cabinet using infrared thermal imaging. The heat transfer model of electric control cabinet was built, and the temperature distribution of electric control cabinet with internal overheating element is simulated using the finite volume method (FVM). The outer surface temperature of electric control cabinet was measured using the infrared thermal imager. Combining the computer image processing technology and infrared temperature measurement, the surface temperature distribution of electric control cabinet was extracted, and using the identification algorithm of inverse heat transfer problem (IHTP) the position and temperature of internal overheating element were identified. The results obtained show that for single element overheating inside the electric control cabinet the identifying errors of the temperature and position were 2.11% and 5.32%. For multiple elements overheating inside the electric control cabinet the identifying errors of the temperature and positions were 3.28% and 15.63%. The feasibility and effectiveness of the method of IHTP and the correctness of identification algorithm of FVM were validated.

Photo current integration is the key to improve the performance of a thermal imaging system. By integrating the photo current in the capacitance, the signal-to-noise ratio of the system is greatly improved. Theoretically, the maximum integration time of a thermal imaging system is the frame time of the system. However, due to the low well capacity of the readout integrated circuit, the integration time of the photo current is often shorter than the frame time of the system. To increase the well capacity of the readout circuit is one of the main research topics in thermal imaging system. The super-framing technique can overcome the restriction by reading-out the detector signal in a rate higher than the frame rate and then integrating the signal outside the IRFPA. As the signal integration is carried out outside the pixel, the integration time is no longer restricted. The key of the super-framing technique is the transmission of the signal in high readout rate. The digital readout circuit by integrating the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) array on the readout circuit chip becomes more and more popular with the development of CMOS technologies. Since the digital signal can be transferred outside the chip in a GS/s rate without any concern on noise and distortion, the super-framing technique based on digital readout circuit is advantageous over the analog solution.

The InGaAs devices has been chosen as new candidate of solid-state low-light devices because of advantages such as wide response wavelength, high quantum efficiency, high device performance, digitalized readout, high temperature operation, high reliability and long lifetime. It has gained vital development and application in the world. 320×256 InGaAs solid-state low-light devices has been prepared and studied, the p-i-n material structure was grown by MOCVD system. The mesa device structure was chosen and fabricated by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method. The detector chip and CMOS readout integrated circuit was bonded by flip-chip bonding. The FPAs was packaged to Dewar which temperature could be changed by temperature controller. Both performances of single element device and focal plane arrays were studied in detail. Very simple optics lens was adopted to show the imaging of 1.064μm laser spot and hand. Study results disclose feasible material growth, devices processing and high temperature operation characteristics of InGaAs devices.

The solutions to some key techniques using infrared thermographic technique in hypersonic wind tunnel, such as temperature measurement under great measurement angle, the corresponding relation between model spatial coordinates and the ones in infrared map, the measurement uncertainty analysis of the test data etc., are studied. The typical results in the hypersonic wind tunnel test are presented, including the comparison of the transfer rates on a thin skin flat plate model with a wedge measured with infrared thermography and thermocouple, the experimental study heating effect on the flat plate model impinged by plume flow and the aerodynamic heating on the lift model.

Hyper-spectral remote sensing data can be acquired by imaging the same area with multiple wavelengths, and it normally consists of hundreds of band-images. Hyper-spectral images can not only provide spatial information but also high resolution spectral information, and it has been widely used in environment monitoring, mineral investigation and military reconnaissance. However, because of the corresponding large data volume, it is very difficult to transmit and store Hyper-spectral images. Hyper-spectral image dimensional reduction technique is desired to resolve this problem. Because of the High relation and high redundancy of the hyper-spectral bands, it is very feasible that applying the dimensional reduction method to compress the data volume. This paper proposed a novel band selection-based dimension reduction method which can adaptively select the bands which contain more information and details. The proposed method is based on the principal component analysis (PCA), and then computes the index corresponding to every band. The indexes obtained are then ranked in order of magnitude from large to small. Based on the threshold, system can adaptively and reasonably select the bands. The proposed method can overcome the shortcomings induced by transform-based dimension reduction method and prevent the original spectral information from being lost. The performance of the proposed method has been validated by implementing several experiments. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce the dimensions of hyper-spectral image with little information loss by adaptively selecting the band images.

Usually, there is a distinguishable sea-level line in the infrared sea image, where many possible objects can be found. While relative to varies kinds of objects, the sea-level line can be more easily detected, which makes the sea-level line detection a important step in object detection and recognition in infrared sea images. This paper proposed a fast sea-level line detection method, which estimated pixels of sea-level line through the gray characteristic of neighborhood of them, performed a preliminary sea-level line positioning by line fitting, and verified the results by the linear feature of sea surface edges. Based on the results of sea-level line detection, a fast object candidate detection method was introduced. Experimental results proved that the existing and position of sea-level line can be determined and preliminary object detection can be performed by the proposed method.

InAs/GaSb superlattices are excellent candidates for the third-generation long-wave infrared and very-long-wave infrared photodetectors due to their special energy structure and theoretical advantages. To realize their inherent potential, however, superlattice materials with low defect density and improved device characteristics must be demonstrated. Here we report on the demonstration of highperformance PBπN photodiodes based on type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices with full cut-off wavelength ~ 13.0 μm operating at 77 K. Samples with migration-enhanced epitaxy for interface layers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaSb substrates and characterized by high-resolution X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. The FWHM of the 1^st-order X-ray diffraction satellite peak of the absorption layers was only 21.6". The average roughness from AFM on a 2×2 μm² scan area was less than 0.15 nm. Optical and electrical measurements of the photodiodes revealed high uniformity of the type-II superlattice materials. Across the wafer, the detector structure showed a full cut-off wavelength of 13.0 μm at 77 K. The dark current density at -50 mV was 5.1×10^-4 A/cm² and the maximum resistance-area product (R_maxA) was 128.5 Ω cm².

First-principles calculations are performed for the effects of the intrinsic defects in GaAs saturable absorber, using the state-of-the-art computational method with the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof (HSE) hybrid functional to correct the band gap. The defect energy levels corresponding to all point defects and their electrical characteristics are analyzed from the aspects of density of states and band structures. Furthermore, the partial band decomposed charge density of the defect bands are also been studied. The relationships between defect energy levels and EL2 deep-level defect will be helpful in ascertaining the origin of the EL2 deep-level defect in GaAs.

Joule-Thomson cooler have its unique advantages with respect to compact, light and low cost. Joule-Thomson coolers have been widely used in HgCdTe infrared detectors, InSb infrared detectors and InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared detectors. The performance of Joule-Thomson coolers is required to be improved with the development of higher mass and larger diameter focal plane infrared detectors. Joule-Thomson coolers use a limited supply of high pressure gas to support the cooling of infrared detectors. In order to maximize the usage time and minimize the cooling down time for a given volume of stored gas for Joule-Thomson coolers, it is important to study on fluid flow of Joule-Thomson coolers. Experiments were carried out to focus on the performance of Joule-Thomson coolers coupled with infrared detectors. The effect of ambient temperature, the state of supply gas pressure is considered. The relationship between volume rates and supply gas pressure was proved to fit some regulates while the other parameters are fixed. Moreover, the effects of ambient temperature are analyzed.

We present a tunable reflector based on VO2 thin films in the terahertz frequency range. The reflectance of the reflector in the terahertz region can be tuned by controlling electrical properties of VO2 thin films. The change of electrical properties of VO2 originates from an insulator-metal transition of VO2. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the tunable reflector in the terahertz region. The tunable reflector of the VO2 thin films is very suitable for terahertz systems.

Cat’s eye lens make the laser beam retro-reflected exactly to the opposite direction of the incidence beam, called cat’s eye effect, which makes rapid acquiring, tracking and pointing of free space optical communication possible. Study the influence of cat’s eye effect to cat’s eye retro-reflector at large incidence angle is useful. This paper analyzed the process of how the incidence angle and focal shit affect effective receiving area, retro-reflected beam divergence angle, central deviation of cat’s eye retro-reflector at large incidence angle and cat’s eye effect factor using geometrical optics method, and presented the analytic expressions. Finally, numerical simulation was done to prove the correction of the study. The result shows that the efficiency receiving area of cat’s eye retro-reflector is mainly affected by incidence angle when the focal shift is positive, and it decreases rapidly when the incidence angle increases; the retro-reflected beam divergence and central deviation is mainly affected by focal shift, and within the effective receiving area, the central deviation is smaller than beam divergence in most time, which means the incidence beam can be received and retro-reflected to the other terminal in most time. The cat’s eye effect factor gain is affected by both incidence angle and focal shift.

Quantum spectral imaging is based on the EPR experiment and analysis. Its basic theory is quantum mechanics. it is completely different from the electromagnetic wave spectrum imaging theory(i.e. classical spectral imaging theory) that follows the Maxwell equation. Quantum spectral imaging is much better than the classical spectral imaging in time resolution, radiation resolution, spatial resolution and the sensitivity of the instrument. Theory and technology of quantum spectral imaging is still in perfect, once perfected and successfully applied to the infrared guidance, will have significantly improved on guidance accuracy and distance, the infrared interference has great potential. In this paper, some suppositions of the quantum imaging which is applied to infrared guidance system are briefly stated and discussed.

Both the ever-increasing prices of fertilizer and growing ecological concern over chemical run-off into sources of drinking water have brought the issues of precision agriculture and site-specific management to the forefront of present technological development within agriculture and ecology. Soil is an important and basic element in agriculture production. Acquisition of soil information plays an important role in precision agriculture. The soil parameters include soil total nitrogen, phosporus, potassium, soil organic matter, soil moisture, electrical conductivity and pH value and so on. Field rapid acquisition to all the kinds of soil physical and chemical parameters is one of the most important research directions. And soil parameter real-time monitoring is also the trend of future development in precision agriculture. While developments in precision agriculture and site-specific management procedures have made significant in-roads on these issues and many researchers have developed effective means to determine soil properties, routinely obtaining robust on-the-go measurements of soil properties which are reliable enough to drive effective fertilizer application remains a challenge. NIRS technology provides a new method to obtain soil parameter with low cost and rapid advantage. In this paper, research progresses of soil on-the-go spectral sensors at domestic and abroad was combed and analyzed. There is a need for the sensing system to perform at least six key indexes for any on-the-go soil spectral sensor to be successful. The six indexes are detection limit, specificity, robustness, accuracy, cost and easy-to-use. Both the research status and problems were discussed. Finally, combining the national conditions of china, development tendency of on-the-go soil spectral sensors was proposed. In the future, on-the-go soil spectral sensors with reliable enough, sensitive enough and continuous detection would become popular in precision agriculture.

To simulate vegetation temperature is an important part in the thermal infrared simulation. In previous physical models, the physiological characteristics of vegetation has only considered the influence of transpiration to temperature, but without respiration, and the aerodynamics model which has been used before needs more model parameters and they are difficult to obtain. In the present paper, a transpiration rate model has been used, in which the latent heat component of the vegetation has been optimized and the respiration component has been joined. Then the physiological model of vegetation temperature simulation has been established which improves the original vegetation energy budget theory. Experimental verification and comparison shows that the maximum simulation error of physiological model is within 2℃, the average error is within 1℃. It seems that the simulation accuracy is significantly better than the previous physical model that will improve the overall thermal infrared simulation accuracy.

In order to identify the diabetic patients by using tongue near-infrared (NIR) spectrum，a spectral classification model of the NIR reflectivity of the tongue tip is proposed, based on the partial least square (PLS) method. 39sample data of tongue tip’s NIR spectra are harvested from healthy people and diabetic patients , respectively. After pretreatment of the reflectivity, the spectral data are set as the independent variable matrix, and information of classification as the dependent variables matrix, Samples were divided into two groups，i.e. 53 samples as calibration set and 25 as prediction set，then the PLS is used to build the classification model The constructed modelfrom the 53 samples has the correlation of 0.9614 and the root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) of 0.1387.The predictions for the 25 samples have the correlation of 0.9146 and the RMSECV of 0.2122.The experimental result shows that the PLS method can achieve good classification on features of healthy people and diabetic patients.

The heat flux density of radiation heat transfer between rocket motor nozzle’s wall and gas is one of the most important factors to decide temperature of nozzle’s wall. It also provides an invaluable references advice for choosing the material of wall and type of cooling. The numerical calculation based on finite volume method is introduced in the paper. After analysis of the formula of FVM without the influence of scattering, a formula that is used to let spectral radiant intensity that is the calculation of FVM be converted into heat flux density of radiation heat transfer is deduced. It is compiled that the program based on FVM is used to calculate the heat flux density. At the end, the heat flux density of radiation heat transfer of 3D model of double-arc nozzle’s wall is calculated under different condition, then simply analysis cooling system is performed.

The MgO:PPLN-based QPM OPO is one of the most important method to generate mid-infrared laser. In this paper we attempt to briefly overview the historic development of LiNbO3 crystal and introduce the theoretical foundation of MgO:PPLN-based QPM OPO. We subsequently give a analysis of different kinds of MgO:PPLN-based QPM OPO. The wavelength region of 3-5 μm (belonging to the mid-infrared) is important atmospheric window in the optical spectrum. The mid-infrared lasers have drawn enormous interest and obtained a variety of applications, such as, air pollution detection, optical fiber communication, military countermeasures, and so on. In recent years, along with the emergence of lots of nonlinear materials (such as AgGaS₂ and AgGaSe_2, KTP and KTA, ZnGeP₂, LiIO_3, LiNbO₃), it’s become easier to obtain mid-infrared lasers. Because of those new nonlinear materials can satisfy the follow conditions, large nonlinearity, transparency in operating wavelength range and high damage resistance. Among those nonlinear materials, the LiNbO₃ (LN) crystal is one of the most suitable materials to be used to obtain mid-infrared laser.

Silicon nitride (SiNx) films on GaN were deposited, using the inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition (ICPCVD) method with different radio-frequency chuck power (RF power). After deposition, all the films were annealed at 750℃ in N₂, and some pins and bubbles were observed on the surface of some films, but this phenomenon was not observed on the films which were deposited with RF power=0W, as well as films deposited by a two-step-deposition method, which was consisted of setting RF power=0W at the beginning, and setting RF power=2W after that. To study the mechanism of origin of these pins and bubbles, Atomic force microscopy(AFM) was performed to study surface morphology and measure the height of the pins and bubbles, it was found that the height of bubbles was about 300nm, and the depth of pins was about 300nm, which were almost the same as the film thickness. It was showed that the pins and bubbles were originated from gas escaping from the inner films after high-temperature annealing. X-ray photoelectron spectra(XPS) was used to characterize the chemical composition of the films before and after annealing, independently. It was found that, on GaN-SiNx interface and SiNx film surface, the N element content decreased a lot after annealing, but N content remained almost the same in those films with RF power=0W. which indicated that reducing of N content was closely related with those pins and bubbles. RF power increased the plasma energy and caused GaN surface damage. The ion bombardment broke some N-Si bonds and N-Ga bonds, as a result some N reactants didn’t perform as Si-N bond, but performed in other bonds such as N-H bonds or N-N bonds, and a high-temperature annealing process would cause NH₃ or N₂ escape from the film. The pins were voids which resulted from the film broken by the gas, and the bubbles came from bulge resulted from gas escape.

The research on infrared radiant characteristics of typical target is important for the detection and recognition of target, infrared simulation calculation and design of electro-optical countermeasures. Thus it is essential to select appropriate test method and optimal calculation method to improve the test accuracy and reliability of infrared radiant intensity. In this paper, three instruments including SR5000 spectroradiometer (CI, MigdalHaEmek, Israel), remote sensing interferometer spectrometer Tensor37 (Bruker, Germany) and Image IR8325 (InfraTec Ltd, Germany) mid-infrared thermal imager were applied to test the infrared radiant (1μm-3μm，3μm-5μm) intensity of decoy samples. Three methods were designed based on two operational principles including direct test and indirect test. The SR5000 spectroradiometer which is able to obtain the value of radian intensity immediately is regard as direct test. The other two instruments which deduce and calculate infrared radiant intensity according to Planck's law and Lambert's cosine law with some preliminary tested parameters such as the response voltage，the distribution of infrared radiant temperature of flaming samples and calibrated data by blackbody, however, are regard as indirect test. Reasons for the diversity of experiment results were provided through analysis on the concrete measurement theory and detailed calculation methods. Moreover, some rules and suggestions were put forward to improve the test accuracy and reliability of infrared radiant intensity when different methods were adopted. It is shown from experiment results that the average mid-infrared radiant intensity obtained from SR5000 was about 903W/Sr in near-infrared band，whereas Tensor 37 and Image IR8325 was about 834W/Sr and 547 W/Sr respectively. It was proved that maximum relative of calculated results from remote sensing interferometer spectrometer Tensor37 and results measured with SR5000 spectroradiometer is below 13%, which meet the general accuracy requirements. Although rigorous reasoning applied, results gained by Image IR8325 mid-infrared thermal imager varied so much from above-mentioned two instruments and the relative error is about 25%~40%. It is analyzed that complexity of the measurement procedure and similarity hypothesis is the main reason for the errors generated.

The surface infrared radiation is an important part that contributes to the infrared image of the airplane. The Monte Carlo method for the infrared image calculation is suitable for the complex geometry of targets like airplanes. The backward Monte Carlo method is prior to the forward Monte Carlo method for the usually long distance between targets and the detector. Similar to the non-gray absorbing media, the random number relation is developed for the radiation of the spectral surface. In the backward Monte Carlo method, one random number that reverses the wave length (or wave number) may result deferent wave numbers for targets’ surface elements on the track of a photon bundle. Through the manipulation of the densities of a photon bundles in arbitrary small intervals near wave numbers, all the wave lengths corresponding to one random number on the targets’ surface elements on the track of the photon bundle are kept the same to keep the balance of the energy of the photon bundle. The model developed together with the energy partition model is incorporated into the backward Monte Carlo method to form the spectral backward Monte Carlo method. The developed backward Monte Carlo method is used to calculate the infrared images of a simple configuration with two gray spectral bands, and the efficiency of it is validated by compared the results of it to that of the non-spectral backward Monte Carlo method . Then the validated spectral backward Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the infrared image of the SDM airplane model with spectral surface, and the distribution of received infrared radiation flux of pixels in the detector is analyzed.

The IR radiation characteristics of aeroengine are the important basis for IR stealth design and anti-stealth detection of aircraft. With the development of IR imaging sensor technology, the importance of aircraft IR stealth increases. An effort is presented to explore target IR radiation imaging simulation based on Reverse Monte Carlo Method (RMCM), which combined with the commercial CFD software. Flow and IR radiation characteristics of an aeroengine exhaust system are investigated, which developing a full size geometry model based on the actual parameters, using a flow-IR integration structured mesh, obtaining the engine performance parameters as the inlet boundary conditions of mixer section, and constructing a numerical simulation model of engine exhaust system of IR radiation characteristics based on RMCM. With the above models, IR radiation characteristics of aeroengine exhaust system is given, and focuses on the typical detecting band of IR spectral radiance imaging at azimuth 20°. The result shows that: (1) in small azimuth angle, the IR radiation is mainly from the center cone of all hot parts; near the azimuth 15°, mixer has the biggest radiation contribution, while center cone, turbine and flame stabilizer equivalent; (2) the main radiation components and space distribution in different spectrum is different, CO2 at 4.18, 4.33 and 4.45 micron absorption and emission obviously, H2O at 3.0 and 5.0 micron absorption and emission obviously.

In order to meet the demand of miniaturization of multi-function EO sensor systems design, the compact infrared optical system is required. Based on the two present design method of compact cooled transmitted infrared optical system, the paper puts forward a new design idea: using the telephoto structure compress the overall length and re-imaging or multi-imaging reduce the radial diameter of optical system. A compact cooled transmitted infrared optical system, which focal length is 150mm (F#=2), is designed using this method. The cold aperture efficiency is 100% and the image quality is excellent, and the length is less than 120mm, the diameter of the first lens is less than 82mm.

This study aimed to introduce a novel approach named Vector Operation Moving Block Standard Deviation (VO-MBSD) to characterize the original powder blend uniformity of Angong Nuihuang intermediate using NIR technology, including 400g Rhizoma Coptidis, 400g Radix Scutellariae, 400g Radix Curcumae and 400g Fructus Gardeniae. A novel blending evaluation method named VO-MBSD compared with Moving Block Standard Deviation (MBSD) was applied to characterize the blending of Chinese Materia Medica (CMM) original powder including Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Scutellariae, Radix Curcumae and Fructus Gardeniae. HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) analysis demonstrated these observations perfectly. OV-MBSD is the rate of change by time, which not only represents the scalar change but also the vector change. The identification accuracy of blend uniformity and end-point via VO-MBSD was the same with classical HPLC method. This method is more accuracy than original MBSD method. Compared with classical MBSD, it is appropriate for the determination of blending end-point and could be successfully implemented as an on-line monitoring tool for blending process.

Infrared small target detection is part of the key technologies in infrared precision-guided, search and track system. Resulting from the relative distance of the infrared image system and the target is far, the target becomes small, faint and obscure. Furthermore, the interference of background clutter and system noise is intense. To solve the problem of infrared small target detection in a complex background, this paper proposes a bilateral filtering algorithm based on similarity judgments for infrared image background prediction. The algorithm introduces gradient factor and similarity judgment factor into traditional bilateral filtering. The two factors can enhance the accuracy of the algorithm for smooth region. At the same time, spatial proximity coefficients and gray similarity coefficient in the bilateral filtering are all expressed by the first two of McLaughlin expansion, which aiming at reducing the time overhead. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively suppress complex background clutter in the infrared image and enhance target signal compared with the improved bilateral filtering algorithm, and it also can improve the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast. Besides, this algorithm can reduce the computation time. In a word, this algorithm has a good background rejection performance.

It was very different between the etching rate of large patterns and narrow grooves on InGaAs/InP materials by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) technology. With the aim of high etching rate, good morphology, smooth interfaces and fewer defects, the etching mechanisms of ICP via changing gas flow rate, chamber pressure and RF power have been analyzed. Some recipes have been found to achieve a narrow stripe and deep groove with good uniformity, interface and morphology via high etching rate and good selectivity. The different phenomena during etching the large patterns and narrow grooves have been explained and the sets of parameters have been summarized that is adapted to the array device on InGaAs/InP materials during the ICP process.

Objective: A rapid and nondestructive method was used to quantitatively predict the content of three main active components (glycyrrhizin, liquiritin and isoliquiritin) in licorice by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Methods: Diffuse reflectance spectra of licorice powder were obtained, the contents of glycyrrhizin, liquiritin and isoliquiritin were analyzed simultaneously by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The partial least squares (PLS) regression algorithm was used to establish the quantitative models. Several pretreatments such as multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), first derivative, second derivative and Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothing were utilized to correct the scattering effect and eliminate the baseline shift in all spectra. The calibration equations produced the highest determination of coefficient values (R²), the lowest root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and the lowest root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were used for the determination of glycyrrhizin, liquiritin and isoliquiritin. Results: The R² of glycyrrhizin, liquiritin and isoliquiritin were 0.999, 0.996 and 0.999, respectively. The RMSEC of glycyrrhizin, liquiritin and isoliquiritin were 1.14 mg/g, 0.77 mg/g and 0.068 mg/g respectively. The RMSEP of glycyrrhizin, liquiritin and isoliquiritin were 4.92 mg/g, 2.06 mg/g and 0.35 mg/g respectively. Conclusions: The results indicated that the NIRS method could be used for the rapid assessment of licorice.

The transport properties of GaN and its alloys are attracting increasing interest due to the potential application of these materials for solar blind photodetectors and high mobility transistors. Because of the large band gap, the applications of Al_xGa_1−xN are extensive, such as for visible-blind ultraviolet detectors, laser diodes, and short-wave light emitting diodes (LEDs). However, the persistent photoconductivity (PPC) of GaN based photoconductive devices affects its applications. In order to study the origin of PPC, we designed solar blind ultraviolet photoconductive detector, which consists of n - Al_0.65Ga_0.35N top contact layer (100nm), n-Al_0.42Ga_0.58N/i-Al_0.65Ga_0.35N superlattice layers (200nm), i- Al_0.65Ga_0.35N layer (600nm), AlN buffer layer and double polished sapphire substrate. Moreover, there are photoconductive devices with different photosensitive areas. Investigations of electric-field effects and thermal effects on PPC in n-Al_0.42Ga_0.58N/i-Al_0.65Ga_0.35N superlattice are presented. We have observed that, by applying a high-voltage pulse, the course of PPC was effectively accelerated: With the same pulse width and different voltage, in the appropriate range, the higher of the voltage, the course of PPC was more effectively accelerated; with the same voltage and different pulse width, in the appropriate range, the wider of the pulse width, the course of PPC was more effectively accelerated. And PPC effect strongly depends on the temperature. The decay time of the PPC depend on the temperature and become longer with a decreasing temperature.

CdZnTe is the most suitable epitaxial substrate material of HgCdTe infrared detectors, because its lattice constant is able to achieve full match with HgCdTe’s lattice constant. It is always needed to etch CdZnTe substrate during the process of device separation or when we want to fabricate micro optical device on CdZnTe substrate. This paper adopts the more advanced method, Inductive Coupled Plasma-Reactive Ion Etching(ICP-RIE). The etching conditions of ICP-RIE on CdZnTe substrate are explored and researched. First of all, a set of comparative experiments is designed. All of CdZnTe samples with the same component are polished by chemical mechanical polishing before etching. Then all samples are etched by different types of etching gases(CH₄/H₂/N₂/Ar) and different ratios of gases as we designed. The etching time is all set to 30 minutes. After that, the surface roughness, etching rate, etching damage and the profile of etched mesas are tested and characterized by optical microscope, step profiler and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), respectively. It is found that, Ar gas plays the role of physical etching, but the etching rate will decline when the concentration of Ar gas is too high. The results also show that, the introduction of N₂ causes more etching damage. Finally, combination of CH₄/H₂/Ar is used to etch CdZnTe substrate. The ratio of these gases is 2sccm/2sccm/10sccm. The testing results of optimized etching show that, the maximum etching rate reaches up to 20μm/h and the etched CdZnTe surface is smooth with very low etching damage. At last, aimed at the shortcoming of photoresist’s degeneration after long-time etching, the ICP etching process of CdZnTe deep mesa is studied. Double-layer or triple-layer photoresist are spin-coated on CdZnTe substrate during the process of lithography. Then ICP etching is carried out with the optimized condition. It is seen that there is no more phenomena of degeneration.

Optimization of indium bump preparation in infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) fabrication is presented. Reasons of bringing defective pixels during conventional lift-off and cleanout process in fabrication of indium bump are discussed. IRFPAs are characterized by IRFPA test-bench. Results show that defective pixels of InSb IRFPA are owing to indium bumps connecting through indium residue on the surface of wafer. The characteristic and configuration of defective pixels of InSb IRFPA are given and analyzed. A method of reducing defective pixels through optimizing liftoff and cleanout process in InSb IRFPA is proposed. Results prove that this method is effective.

Quantum cascade detectors (QCDs) are photovoltaic devices: they have a built in asymmetric conduction band potential formed by energy band engineering design, which allows for biasless operation. In this work, we focus on the very long wave infrared (VLWIR) quantum cascade photodectors involving energy band engineering, material technology, and devices physics. Targeting the common applications, we demonstrate a series of VLWIR QCDs from 14 to 20μm. The dark current density under 1.1×10^-11 Acm^-2 and the detectivity above 1×10¹¹ cmHz^1/2W^-1 is achieved. Many of them exhibit high performance and give a cheerful prospect for the practical application in the near future.

The integration between polarization and intensity images possessing complementary and discriminative information has emerged as a new and important research area. On the basis of the consideration that the resulting image has different clarity and layering requirement for the target and background, we propose a novel fusion method based on non-subsampled Contourlet transform (NSCT) and fuzzy C-means (FCM) segmentation for IR polarization and light intensity images. First, the polarization characteristic image is derived from fusion of the degree of polarization (DOP) and the angle of polarization (AOP) images using local standard variation and abrupt change degree (ACD) combined criteria. Then, the polarization characteristic image is segmented with FCM algorithm. Meanwhile, the two source images are respectively decomposed by NSCT. The regional energy-weighted and similarity measure are adopted to combine the low-frequency sub-band coefficients of the object. The high-frequency sub-band coefficients of the object boundaries are integrated through the maximum selection rule. In addition, the high-frequency sub-band coefficients of internal objects are integrated by utilizing local variation, matching measure and region feature weighting. The weighted average and maximum rules are employed independently in fusing the low-frequency and high-frequency components of the background. Finally, an inverse NSCT operation is accomplished and the final fused image is obtained. The experimental results illustrate that the proposed IR polarization image fusion algorithm can yield an improved performance in terms of the contrast between artificial target and cluttered background and a more detailed representation of the depicted scene.

The ultraviolet imaging sensors consist of two important parts: the array of detectors and the read out integrated circuits. Along with the demand for the fine resolution, large input dynamic range and high integration degree of the imaging sensors, the functions of read out integrated circuits are becoming more and more important. The on chip analog to digital conversion is the main directions of research on this area. In this paper, we presented a new digital read out integrated circuits for ultraviolet imaging sensors. The proposed circuits have an analog to digital converter in each pixel, which enable the parallel analog to digital conversion of the whole pixel array. The developed circuits have a 50um×50um pixel area with a 128×128 size, and are designed in a 0.35um four metal double poly mixed signal CMOS process. The simulation results show that the designed analog to digital converter has an accuracy of 0.2mV and can achieve the dynamic range of 88dB. The proposed circuits realize the low noise and high speed digital output of read out integrated circuits for ultraviolet imaging sensors.

In recent years based on security, quality supervision, inspection and medical for the urgent need of infrared temperature measurement and infrared display technology, coupled with embedded system to achieve rapid development, which is widely used in the electronic products and the field of intelligent instruments and industrial control, this paper has designed a kind of more comprehensive, more efficient and more intuitive infrared thermometer. Unlike previous handheld infrared thermometer, we regard an embedded Linux system as the system, with its open source code, support most mainstream hardware platforms, unified peripheral interface and can be customized, to build an embedded infrared system that has provided strong system support; the pseudocolor techniques and Qt interface display technology make the image more colorful and the picture function more diverse; With ARM microprocessor as the display and temperature measuring platform, it costs reduction and reduce volume and power consumption; the FrameBuffer interface technology and multithreading technology realize the smooth real-time display. And ultimately the display size of real-time infrared image is 640 * 480 at a speed of 25 frames / sec. What is more, display is equipped with the menu option so that thermometer can be required to complete the operation through the button. The temperature display system aims at small volume, easy to use and flexible. I believe this thermometer will have a good application prospect.

Retina-like imaging system is an imaging system with space-variant resolution similar to the photoreceptor distribution of primate retina. In this paper, the design and implementation of the retina-like imaging system based on non-uniform lens array has been introduced. Firstly, the mathematical model of the non-uniform lens array is deduced. Secondly, the hardware design of the proposed system is discussed in detail, which includes the photodetectors array, current-voltage conversion circuit, ratio normalization circuit and A/D converter circuit, etc. Furthermore, the design of the corresponding software is also discussed. Finally, the corresponding experiments have been carried out. Our results show that the developed system has the characteristic of rotation and scaling invariance property, which will help to result in a new retina-like image sensor with the characteristics of high speed, high resolution, high sensitivity and big planar array, etc.

In recent years, the weapon systems of laser and infrared (IR) imaging guidance have been widely used in modern warfare because of their high precision and strong anti-interference. However, military smoke, a rapid and effective passive jamming method, can effectively counteract the attack of precision-guided weapons by their scattering and absorbing effects. The traditional smoke has good visible light (0.4-0.76μm) obscurant performance, but hardly any effects to other electromagnetic wave bands while the weapon systems of laser and IR imaging guidance usually work in broad band, including the near-infrared (1-3μm), middle-infrared (3-5μm), far-infrared (8-14μm), and so on. Accordingly, exploiting new effective obscurant materials has attracted tremendous interest worldwide nowadays. As is known, the nano-structured materials have lots of unique properties comparing with the traditional materials suggesting that they might be the perfect alternatives to solve the problems above. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are well-ordered, all-carbon hollow graphitic nano-structured materials with a high aspect ratio, lengths from several hundred nanometers to several millimeters. CNTs possess many unique intrinsic physical-chemical properties and are investigated in many areas reported by the previous studies. However, no application research about CNTs in smoke technology field is reported yet. In this paper, the attenuation performances of CNTs smoke to laser and IR were assessed in 20m³ smoke chamber. The testing wavebands employed in experiments are 1.06μm and 10.6μm laser, 3-5μm and 8-14μm IR radiation. The main parameters were obtained included the attenuation rate, transmission rate, mass extinction coefficient, etc. The experimental results suggest that CNTs smoke exhibits excellent attenuation ability to the broadband IR radiation. Their mass extinction coefficients are all above 1m2·g-1. Nevertheless, the mass extinction coefficients vary with the sampling time and smoke particles concentrations, even in the same testing waveband. With the time going the mass extinction coefficients will increase gradually. Based on the above results, theoretical calculations are also carried out for further exploitations. In general, CNTs smoke behaves excellent attenuation ability toward laser and IR under the experimental conditions. Therefore, they have great potentials to develop new smoke obscurant materials which could effectively interfere with broadband IR radiation including 1.06μm, 10.6μm, 3-5μm and 8-12μm IR waveband.

The apparent temperature of high-speed flying target is an important parameter when checking the design of heat protection system. This paper analyzes the characteristics of high-speed flying target measured by earth-based staring infrared imaging system, and found out three facts made the measured image blur, the first is energy spread described by Point Spread Function, the second is the phenomenon of target smearing, and the third is atmospheric agitation and turbulence. Also the energy reflected by the target from sun and earth to infrared measuring system should be considered. Thus the method dealt with static or low-speed target isn’t adapt to high-speed target, this paper proposed an effective method dealing with High-speed flying target in infrared image. The first step is computing the luminance reflected by target with information of target’s pose and surface structure, the second step is extracting the target from the infrared image then computing the emission intensity with parameters of calibration, the third step is computing the luminance of target by subtract the energy of background and energy reflected from the target, after computing the atmospheric trans, the apparent temperature is finally found.

After a deep study of the principle of infrared polarization imaging detection, the infrared polarization information of target and background is modeled. Considering the partial polarized light can be obtained by the superposition of natural light (unpolarized light) and linearly polarized component while ignoring the component of circularly polarized light, and combing with the degree of polarization (DOLP) and the angle of polarization (AOP), the infrared polarization information is expressed by the multiplying of an intensity factor by a polarization factor. What we have modeled not only can be used to analyze the infrared polarization information visually and profoundly, but also make the extraction of polarized features convenient. Then, faced with different application fields and based on the model, a target information enhancement program is proposed, which is achieved by extracting a linear polarization component in a certain polarized direction. This program greatly improves the contrast between target and background, and can be applied in target detection or identification, especially for camouflage or stealth target. At last, we preliminarily tested the proposed enhancement method exploiting infrared polarization images obtained indoor and outdoor, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the enhancement program.

The In_0.53Ga_0.47As p-i-n detectors with different cap layer which are InP, In_0.52Al_0.48As without secondly doping, In_0.52Al_0.48As with epitaxial growth of In_0.53Ga_0.47As layer and In_0.52Al_0.48As with secondly doping, respectively, were fabricated. The photoelectric performances of the detectors have been investigated. The result indicated that In_0.52Al_0.48As cap layer lead to a reduction of dark current compared to InP, but the bad contact property on In_0.52Al_0.48As can lead to a reduction of quantum efficiency. To get a low resistance contact on p- In_0.52Al_0.48As, the two methods have been used which are epitaxial growth of In_0.53Ga_0.47As layer and forming a heavily doped layer on p-InAlAs layer with secondly doping. Although the two methods mentioned above were all beneficial for the contacts properties, epitaxial growth of In_0.53Ga_0.47As layer can cause deterioration of the property of the detector. The result indicates that the In_0.52Al_0.48As with secondly doping used as cap layer can lead to lower dark current (dark current density is 116nA/cm² at -0.01V) and larger quantum efficiency. The mechanism of dark current and the response spectrum for different samples have also been investigated, for the sample with the In_0.52Al_0.48As cap layer with secondly doping diffusion current is the main current mechanism.

Microwave (MW)/Infrared(IR) dual-mode compound guidance technology has greatly developed recent years for enhancing guidance precision effectively. Here a new micro-mirror array structure is introduced as upright display for MW/IR beam combiner in HWIL simulation. The beam combiner is used in the IR/MW compound HWIL system for transmitting the MW signal while reflecting the IR signal. The spatial resolution and spatial uniformity are two important performance indicators for beam combiner in the application of HWIL simulation system. In this paper, the definitions, measurement methods, and results of spatial resolution and spatial uniformity are given. Through the measurement by multiple groups of black and white stripes, the spatial resolution and the spatial uniformity can be got. It shows the micro-mirror array beam combiner can be applied for MW/IR dual-mode common-aperture HWIL simulation system.

Aiming at the issue of the ground targets infrared stealth, the radiometric resolution and the spatial resolution of the sensor system were deduced, including the effects of the earth surface and the atmosphere effect. Radiometric resolution of the sensor for different background was analyzed taking these factors into account: atmospheric scattering and radiation transfer, aperture and transmittance of optical system, infrared detector directivity, signal to noise ratio and the infrared radio intensity of the ground target and the background. The spatial resolution of the Infrared imaging system was also calculated for diffraction-limited infrared system. Based on the two aspects, a method of calculating the detection capability of the space infrared imaging system to the ground target was developed. In the calculation, factors are taking into account such as average temperature difference of the target and background, the temperature of the background, minimum resolved temperature difference, apparatus transmittance and the atmospheric transmittance and the size and geometric of the target. So the target can be or not detected not only depended on the characteristics of the target and the background but also related to the infrared imaging system. Otherwise, for the Identifying of ground targets for space infrared system, it depends not only on the similar degree between targets and background but also for the particular characteristics of the target.

Photoconductive antenna (PCA), as the most widely used emitter (or detector) in Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) system, virtually acts as a semiconductor switch, whose electrical conductivity controlled by pump light. At the same time, the heat caused by the pump light and the electrical bias will be stacked in a tiny area. Inevitably, the thermal effects, which may reduce the performance of PCA and the operational lifetime of device, need to be considered, especially for that generated by a compact package fiber-pigtailed photoconductive antenna. Nonetheless, there still lacks of relevant reports about real-time temperature monitoring for PCA. This paper proposes a method to obtain the temperature information by observing the temperature dependent frequency drifting of radiation spectroscopy. In other words, it converts the temperature information via analyzing the radiation spectrum of the conventional TDS system. In this work, we simulate a design of meta-atom-loaded PCA with indium antimonide (InSb). As a kind of temperature-dependent permittivity of the semiconductor, InSb is stuffed into the gap of split-ring resonator (SRR). When the temperature increases from 300K to 380 K, the resonance frequency shifts from 0.582THz to 0.678THz (a shift more than 16%), calculated by the commercial software-CST. The significant blue shift is caused by the SRR loading temperature sensitive materials, well analyzed by the LC resonant circuit model. Then, one can clearly obtain the actual antenna temperature from the radiation spectrum through the relationship between temperature and resonance frequency. Always, this simply method could be applied to shift the peak frequency of spectrum for various applications.

In Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, Superconducting Busbar is used for current transmission between magnet coils and current leads. The work temperature of the Busbar is about 4K because of liquid helium via inside. The large temperature grad from 300K to 4K could lead to the defects and damages occur on the insulation layer, which is made of glass fiber and polyimide and has a big different thermal expansion coefficient compared with the metal inner cylinder. This paper aims at developing an infrared transmission non-destructive evaluation (NDE) method for inspecting the insulation layer of Superconducting Busbar; theoretical model of transient heat conduction under a continuous inner heat source for cylindrical structure is described in the paper; a Busbar specimen which is designed with three delamination defects of different depths is heated inside by pouring hot water and monitored by an infrared detector located outside. Results demonstrate excellent detection performance for delamination defects in the insulation layer by using transmission thermography, all of the three defects of different depths can be visualized clearly in the thermal images, and the deeper defect has a better signal contrast, which is also shown in the temperature difference between defects and sound area vs. time curves. The results of light pulse thermography is also shown as a comparison, and it is found that the thermal images obtained by the transmission thermography has a much better signal contrast than that of the pulse thermography. In order to verify the experiments, finite element method is applied to simulate the heat conduction in the Busbar under the continuous inside heating, and it is found that the simulated temperature vs. time and simulated temperature difference vs. time curves are basically coincident with the experimental results. In addition, the possibility of in-service inspection for Busbar insulation layer in ITER item is discussed.

A core technology in the infrared warning system is the detection tracking of dim and small targets with complicated background. Consequently, running the detection algorithm on the hardware platform has highly practical value in the military field. In this paper, a real-time detection tracking system of infrared dim and small target which is used FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and DSP (Digital Signal Processor) as the core was designed and the corresponding detection tracking algorithm and the signal flow is elaborated. At the first stage, the FPGA obtain the infrared image sequence from the sensor, then it suppresses background clutter by mathematical morphology method and enhances the target intensity by Laplacian of Gaussian operator. At the second stage, the DSP obtain both the original image and the filtered image form the FPGA via the video port. Then it segments the target from the filtered image by an adaptive threshold segmentation method and gets rid of false target by pipeline filter. Experimental results show that our system can achieve higher detection rate and lower false alarm rate.

The dynamic atmospheric turbulence is simulated in the laboratory upon the phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulator. Dynamic phase screens are generated by the spline function method and the frozen turbulence method. The average cross-correlation coefficient of the Zernike coefficients between these two methods is 0.6608. Moreover, the laser atmospheric transition experiment is carried on under different turbulence intensities. The logarithmic light intensity probability density distribution is close to the normal distribution, and the fitting determine coefficient is above 0.9. In the weak turbulence (r₀=0.1m), the standard deviation of the arrival angle fluctuation is approximately 30 to 40 μrad, while it is 40 to 50 μrad in the moderate turbulence (r₀=0.01m). The simulation result is compliant with the turbulence theory. Compared with the frozen method, the arrival angle fluctuation spectrum in high frequency upon the spline method is smoother. It reveals that although two methods have a good consistency with each other, the dynamic simulation of the spline method is supposed to be more favorable in the researching of the free-space laser propagation.

The research on infrared spectral target signature shows great military importance in the domain of IR detection Recognition, IRCM, IR image guide and ir stealth etc. The measurements of infrared spectral of tactical targets have been a direct but effective technique in providing signatures for both analysis and simulation to missile seeker designers for many years. In order to deal with the problem of dynamic target infrared spectral signature, this paper presents a new method for acquiring and testing ir spectral radiation signatures of dynamic objects, which is based on an IR imager guiding the target and acquiring the scene at the same time, a FOV chopping scan infrared spectral radiometer alternatively testing the target and its background around ir spectral signature.ir imager and spectral radiometer have the same optical axis. The raw test data was processed according to a new deal with method. Principles and data processing methods were described in detail, test error also analyzed. Field test results showed that the method described in the above is right; the test error was reduced smaller, and can better satisfy the needs of acquiring dynamic target ir spectral signature.

A new cleaning process for HgCdTe was designed，which used the improved SC-1,SC-2 and Br₂- C₂H₅OH solutions as the main cleaning fluid and applied mega sound waves in the cleaning process. By analyzing the test results carried out on the HgCdTe surface, it was found that the material of HgCdTe for the application of new cleaning process was better than the one for the application of conventional cleaning process in the minority carrier lifetime, residual organic contamination, responsivity and specific detectivity.

An infrared endoscopic system has been developed to investigate thermal spread and collateral damage during energized laparoscopic surgery, the system consists of an infrared endoscope and a thermal camera (3-5 μm) with combined thermal sensitivity of 0.05°C. The system performance was evaluated in live animals with electrosurgical devices to monitor intraoperative thermal changes. During activation periods, the peak temperature of the jaws averaged 100.5 ± 5.8 ℃ with a thermal spread of 3.0 ± 0.9 mm. For laparoscopic dissections of the esophagus-gastric junction with the 10 mm Atlas, the maximum jaw temperature was 105.2 ± 2.1 ℃ with a bigger thermal spread of 11.5 ± 7.2 mm). The study has confirmed that infrared endoscopy is a very useful tool adjunct to conventional endoscopy, which may improve the safety of energized laparoscopic dissections.

With the demand on Infrared and Electro-Optical sensors’ detectability, Large aperture optics have been widely used. But the deform of the opto-mechanical system has been induced by heavy deadweight of the large aperture optical elements and by the change of environment temperature could lead to the attenuation of the Infrared and Electro-Optical sensors’ detectability. For weakening the influence of deadweight deform and temperature change, people utilize the fruits of adaptive optical technology achieved the unattenuated performance of Electro-Optical sensors. A infrared adaptive optical system based on Hartmann-Shack wave-front sensor is designed. The wave-front sensor has adopted in the visual spectrum for lower cost and higher precision. So the fore large aperture telescope must work in the dual waveband such as middle-infrared wavelength and visual wavelength. The final dual-waveband telescope achieved 4’ collimation at the visual wavelength and 10’ collimation at the middle-infrared wavelength. The dual-waveband optical system for IR adaptive system achieved high-resolution middle-infrared imaging and real-time visual-waveband wave-front distortion measuring.

In this paper, the single photon detection principle of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) device is introduced. The main noise factors that infect the sensitivity of the electro-optical detection system are analyzed, including background light noise, detector dark noise, preamplifier noise and signal light noise etc. The Optical, electrical and thermodynamic methods are used to suppress the SiPM electro-optical detection system noise, which improved the response sensitivity of the detector. Using SiPM optoelectronic detector with a even high sensitivity, together with small field large aperture optical system, high cutoff narrow bandwidth filters, low-noise operational amplifier circuit, the modular design of functional circuit, semiconductor refrigeration technology, greatly improved the sensitivity of optical detection system, reduced system noise and achieved long-range detection of weak laser radiation signal. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed methods are reasonable and efficient.

InSb is an important Ⅲ-Ⅴnarrow gap compound semiconductor material. It is widely used in optoelectronic devices manufacture especially mid-wave infrared detectors. With the application of ICP etching in large-scale InSb IRFPA detectors fabrication process, the influence of ICP etching induced damage on InSb IRFPA devices has been paid more attention. Surface states which reflect the characteristics of semiconductor surface play an important role in the study on etching damage of semiconductor materials. In this paper, the surface state density on three InSb samples: one sample without etching, one sample etched by ICP and another sample wet etched by lactic acid/nitric acid etchant after ICP etching, is tested and calculated by quasi-static C-V method. The characterization and removal of ICP etching induced damage are investigated. Furthermore, the method of testing and calculating the distribution of surface state density has been presented detailedly in this paper. This work plays a significant role in the development of large-scale InSb IRFPA detectors.

A target tracking model and a technique for target tracking filtering based on sequential unscented Kalman filter are presented to improve target tracking performance of high resolution radar/infrared imaging sensor composite guidance system. Firstly, a measurement model for imaging sensor based of the centroid of the target is derived from images. Secondly, a measurement model for radar based of the centroid of the target is derived from traits of high resolution radar. Finally, the data fusion filtering framework for target tracking based on sequential unscented Kalman filter is presented. From the results of simulated experiments, average rate and target tracking accuracy of convergence for the technique developed are superior to those of other techniques. In conclusion, the target tracking model and filtering algorithm developed are proper for high resolution radar/infrared imagery sensor composite guidance system.

The trade-off between the enhanced signal-to-noise ratio and reduced light absorption in thin-film photodetectors is the main issue for improving device performance. Nanoscale patterning of metal/dielectric interface can couple incident light into surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) modes, leading to the enhanced absorption. However, due to the nature of resonant excitation of SPPs, it is difficult to realize broadband absorption enhancement. In this study, we propose a novel device structure to achieve absorption enhancement over the whole spectral response range of the thin-film In0.53Ga0.47As photodetector. Numerical simulation shows that both the preferential forward scattering of InP cylinder and grating coupled waveguide modes contribute to the broadband absorption enhancement.

Depending on the China Earthquake Network Center (CENC) measurement, the Yutian M7.3 earthquake struck at 5:19 pm on 12 February 2014. It happened in the Altyn Tagh fault zone. The cycle process of the tidal force of the celestial body for the earthquake was calculated firstly in this paper. From the result, we found that the earthquake occurred at the low point phase. Meantime, the OLR (Outgoing Long-wave Radiation) change was analyzed based on NOAA satellite data around the time of the earthquake in the China area. The preliminary result shows that the OLR have changed with the tide force changing for the earthquake. In temporal, the change went through: Initial OLR rise→strength→reaching abnormal peak→attenuation→return to normal. In detail, the initial indication of anomaly was detected on 9 Feb (3 days before the main shock) and the maximum reaches the value of 11W/m2 northward from the epicenter. And the anomalous area of 10 Feb is closest to the epicenter. There are still many theoretical questions have to be answered. However, OLR have become one of parameters used for precursor studies and the OLR early anomalies appearance of earthquakes.

Hydrothermal alteration is of great importance for mineral exploration, especially the blind ore-hunting due to its larger scale and special zonation compared to the ore bodies. Infrared spectral identification of metasomatic alteration minerals can be done with little or no sample preparation and quantitative result can be obtained. In this paper, 65 wall-rock samples of several horizontal and vertical profiles were selected from Shihu Gold deposit in Hebei Province to do reflectance spectrum measurements by means of rough surface, smooth section and powder with portable ASD FieldSpec®3 spectrometer. ViewspecPro software was used to preprocess the spectrum, and metasomatic alteration minerals were spectrally discriminated by SII (Spectral International Inc) Specmin software package with wavelength of 1100~2500nm. The results shows that: (1) among all the three spectral libraries embedded in SPECMIN software, i.e., ASD, USGS and JPL, ASD spectral library is more suitable for the spectral hydrothermal alteration minerals identification in Shihu Gold Deposit; (2) the observed mineral zonation from wall-rock gneiss to ore-body indicates obvious downtrend of amphibole, chlorite, sericite, carbonate and barite, which is consistent with the microscopic and XRD results; (3) spectral identification of metasomatic alteration minerals is theoretically feasible, which is economic and convenient, and most important of all, the result can be quantitative or semi-quantitative. The results are helpful and successfully applied to the further mineral exploration in Shihu Gold Deposit.

Since InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices (T2SL) were first proposed as infrared (IR) sensing materials, T2SL mid-wave IR (MWIR) and long-wave IR (LWIR) are of great importance for a variety of civil and military applications. A very important parameter of IR photodetectors is dark current, which affects the detectivity directly. Chemical and physical passivation has revealed to be an efficient technique to reduce surface component of dark current, which will become a dominant current in focal plane arrays (FPA). In this paper we talk about the electrochemistry and dielectric method for passivation. We choose anodic sulfide and SiO₂ passivation. The leakage current as a function of bias voltage (I–V) results show dark current of anodic sulfide device was two orders of magnitude lower than unpassivation one, but reactive magnetron sputtering SiO₂ didn’t perform well. The highest R₀A we get from the sulfurizing experiment is 657Ω·cm² in 77K. After fabrication the measured cutoff wavelength is 5.0μm. Finally blackbody test result shows that the peak quantum efficiency (QE) at 3.33μm is 68% and the peak detectivity is 7.16x10¹¹cm·Hz^1/2/W.

Optimization of growth parameters for type-II 17MLs InAs/8MLs GaSb strained layer superlattices (SLS) (λ_cut-off~20 μm at 77K), grown on GaSb substrates by solid source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), has been undertaken. Both the GaSb on InAs interface and the InAs on GaSb interface were inserted with InSb interfaces using migration enhanced epitaxy (MEE) method to balance the lattice mismatch. The influence of the effect of the thickness of InSb layer on the properties of the superlattice has been investigated. We demonstrate the structural properties of these SLS structures, using high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Optimized growth parameters were then used to grow SLS detectors with the active region of 2-μm-thick, which demonstrated full-width half-maximum (FWHM) of 22 arcsec for the first SLS satellite peak and nearly zero lattice mismatch between zero-order SLS peak and GaSb substrate. The cut-off wavelength of the detector is 20 μm at 77K measured by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer with the quantum efficiency of 10% and the Johnson noise limited detectivity reached 2.8×10¹⁰ cm Hz^1/2/W at 10.55μm under -75mV bias voltage.

Arid directly affects crop growth and yield, such as reduces photosynthesis, weakens respiration rate, slows down the material transport, disorders stomatal switch, blocks the synthesis of chlorophyll, affects the cell wall and protein synthesis, etc., eventually leads to the reduction of output. How to solve this problem? This paper proposes a drought index based on thermal imaging technology. Canopy temperature distribution can reflect the growth of crops. And using thermal imaging technology can access to crop canopy temperature distribution quickly. Physiological indexes such as the changes of stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content is the important basis of crop drought resistance identification.So this paper studied the distribution of wheat canopy temperature with the change of stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content under drought conditions. The study was based on different drought resistant genotypes of winter wheat in Xinjiang with German JENOPTIK portable infrared thermal imager for canopy temperature information. The canopy leaf stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content was measured by SC-1 porosity meter and SPAD chlorophyll meter. Results prove that winter wheat canopy temperature decreases with the increase of stomatal conductance in dry conditions, which has a good linear relationship (r=-0.67). The correlation of canopy temperature and stomatal conductance of poor drought resistance(-0.93) is greater than that of good one(-0.46). There is significant difference between stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content of different drought resistance varieties(P<0.05). The variety of poor drought resistance is greater that of good one in morning-afternoon stomatal conductance change. And the chlorophyll content of the variety of good drought resistance is greater that of poor one. The conclusions above show that canopy temperature distribution has good correlation with the crop drought resistance indexes and can be used as an early indicator of drought resistance identification.This conclusion has important significance for drought resistance identification, the reasonable irrigation guidance and improving the water use efficiency.

In this paper we develop a novel practical application, which give scalable services to the end users when abnormal actives are happening. Architecture of the application has been presented consisting of network infrared cameras and a communication module. In this intelligent surveillance system we use Kinect sensors as the input cameras. Kinect is an infrared laser camera which its user can access the raw infrared sensor stream. We install several Kinect sensors in one room to track the human skeletons. Each sensor returns the body positions with 15 coordinates in its own coordinate system. We use calibration algorithms to calibrate all the body positions points into one unified coordinate system. With the body positions points, we can infer the surveillance context. Furthermore, the messages from the metadata index matrix will be sent to mobile phone through communication module. User will instantly be aware of an abnormal case happened in the room without having to check the website. In conclusion, theoretical analysis and experimental results in this paper show that the proposed system is reasonable and efficient. And the application method introduced in this paper is not only to discourage the criminals and assist police in the apprehension of suspects, but also can enabled the end-users monitor the indoor environments anywhere and anytime by their phones.

Cavity mirrors of high power lasers are easily damaged by heat absorption of laser beam, so there is an urgent need to detect the absorption coefficient of the coating layers on them. High power combustion drived lasers, which operate with large size cavity mirrors, high gas consumption and short running time, cannot offer a convenient source of radiation for studies of absorption coefficient. Other kinds of lasers cannot achieve the high power density required easily. To solve this problem, in this paper, a small-scale and cost-effective laser source is described to detect the absorption coefficient under high power density with a Quasi-Closed Cavity. This laser source is rebuilt on the basis of a 1000W-class Direct Current (DC)-discharge drived continuous-wave (CW) HF/DF chemical laser. At first, the structure of the laser source is introduced. Then, some performance parameters are measured and the experiment results are analyzed. The laser operated with a (He+NF₃)+D₂ gas mixture, and output of about 126W with a transmission of 3% was achieved through the experiment, corresponding to an electrical efficiency of about 3%. Power density on the surfaces of mirrors under test reached 3.74 kW/cm² . It satisfies the requirement of the Quasi-Closed Cavity test well. Experimental results show that this improved DC-discharge drived CW HF/DF chemical laser is applicable as the laser source to detect the absorption coefficient under high power density.

Doping concentration is the key factor affecting the performance of infrared detectors. Based on photovoltaic HgCdTe infrared photodetectors, in order to compute the response speed in engineering applications precisely and fastly, a theoretical estimation model is proposed. At first, according to continuity equation of PN junctions that are radiated by infrared radiation, the mechanism of PN junctions in a typical working situation is analyzed and an approximate solving method is established, which shows the analytic expression of the relationship between the response speed of photovoltaic infrared photodetectors and the doping concentration s. Then the response speed of photovoltaic HgCdTe infrared photodetectors is compared to that of photoconductive photodetectors. In the end, the error of the estimation model is checked, which is done through numerical analysis. The results indicate that the response speed rises with the doping concentration increasing as the error increases, the estimation model proposed brings the maximum error of 5.9%, if the doping concentration is 10²¹ per cubic centimeter.

Performance of HgCdTe devices was limited by many factors such as materials and techniques, etc. And the electrical characteristics of electrode contacts on HgCdTe played important roles．Because Ar Ion Beam Etching could make the conductivity type conversion of p-type HgCdTe material, it was used to obtain n-type electrode area on the slight-p type HgCdTe material. Variable magnetic field Hall measurements were performed on n-type and slight p-type HgCdTe material before and after Ar Ion Beam Etching at 77 K. The mobility spectrum analysis (MSA) technique was employed in this paper to obtain the electrical parameter of HgCdTe. Comparing the electrical parameters of HgCdTe before and after etching, we knew that Ar Ion etching formed high doping concentration n-type area on slight p-type HgCdTe. The minority carrier lifetime of HgCdTe was studied using the photoconductive decay technique. By measuring the minority carrier lifetime of the same HgCdTe material with or without n-type electrode, it was found that the minority carrier lifetime of slight p-type HgCdTe with n-type electrode was higher than HgCdTe that was without n-type electrode at low temperature. The results showed that the n-type electrode could improve the minority carrier lifetime of slight p-type HgCdTe. In addition, by changing the distance of the n-type electrode area to the photosensitive area, it was researched that the impact of n-type electrode area on the device performance. With the decrease of distance, the device performance improved. It was proved that n-type electrode areas also could improve the performance by device fabrication.

Infrared target simulator is an important unit in guidance hardware-in-the-loop simulation systems. It is used to simulate the radiation and motion characteristics of target, decoy and background. This paper proposed a multi-channel IR target simulator. It could generate one IR point target, two pairs of IR decoys and background respectively in the same field of view of the seeker’s optical system simultaneously. An IR imaging fiber bundle as the focal plane of the projection optical system was used to compound the target, decoys and background. The compound scene was projected to the seeker by the projection optical system. In IR imaging channel, IR scene was generated by an optical film chip as a visible to thermal transducer which was placed in a vacuum cell. The simulated temperature range of IR scene could be from room temperature to 430K.The thin film transducer had 512×512 pixels. Its frame rate could reach to 100Hz. Light sources with high equivalent black body temperature were adopted in IR target and decoy channels. The size and the radiation intensity of the IR point target and decoys could be controlled by pin holes and attenuators. The point target and decoys driven by high precise motors could travel through the whole instantaneous field of view of the seeker’s optical system. Two pairs of decoys could move away from the center to the edge of the instantaneous field of view. The highest simulated black body temperature of the point source was 1200K.

Pyromark 1200 (Tempil Co, USA), which is a type of high-temperature high-emissivity coating, is silicon-based with good thermal radiation performance. Its stably working condition is at the temperature range 589~922 K thus a wide range of applications in industrial, scientific research, aviation, aerospace and other fields. Infrared emissivity is one of the most important factors in infrared radiation characteristics. Data on infrared spectral emissivity of Pyromark 1200 is in shortage, as well as the reports on its infrared radiation characteristics affected by its spray painting process, microstructure and thermal process. The results of this research show that: (1) The coating film critical thickness on the metal base is 10μm according to comparison among different types of spray painting process, coating film thickness, microstructure, which would influence the infrared radiation characteristics of Pyromark 1200 coating. The infrared spectral emissivity will attenuate when the coating film thickness is lower or much higher than that. (2) Through measurements, the normal infrared radiation characteristics is analyzed within the range at the temperature range 573~873 K under normal atmospheric conditions, and the total infrared spectral emissivity of Pyromark 1200 coating is higher than 0.93 in the 3~14 μm wavelength range. (3) The result of 72-hour aging test at the temperature 673 K which studied the effect of thermal processes on the infrared radiation characteristics of the coating shows that the infrared spectral emissivity variation range is approximately 0.01 indicating that Pyromark 1200 coating is with good stability. Compared with Nextel Velvet Coating (N-V-C) which is widely used in optics field, Pyromark 1200 high-temperature coating has a higher applicable temperature and is more suitable for spraying on the material surface which is in long-term operation under high temperature work conditions and requires high infrared spectral emissivity.

Coated thermoelectric refrigeration is a means of infrared stealth for target. The study on the infrared characteristic of target that coated with thermoelectric refrigeration is the foundation for infrared stealth technology coated with thermoelectric refrigeration. The infrared characteristic model of target coated with thermoelectric refrigeration was established considering of complex energy exchange of target on the sea and the structure and transfer character of thermoelectric refrigeration. Analyze the effect of current and hot-side transfer coefficient on the surface temperature of target by making corresponding program. Depending on the target and background temperature consistent standard, ideal current in a day was designed.

It's well-know that the focal shift of infrared lens is the major factor in degeneration of imaging quality when temperature change. In order to figure out the connection between temperature change and focal shift, partial differential equations of thermal effect on light path are obtained by raytrace method, to begin with. The approximately solution of the PDEs show that focal shift is proportional to temperature change. And a formula to compute the proportional factor is given. In order to understand infrared lens thermal effect deeply, we use defocus by image plane shift at constant temperature to equivalently represent thermal effect on infrared lens. So equivalent focal shift (EFS) is defined and its calculating model is proposed at last. In order to verify EFS and its calculating model, Physical experimental platform including a motorized linear stage with built-in controller, blackbody, target, collimator, IR detector, computer and other devices is developed. The experimental results indicate that EFS make the image plane shift at constant temperature have the same influence on infrared lens as thermal effect and its calculating model is correct.

We present an efficient approach for measuring similarity between visual and IR images based on matching internal self-similarities. What is correlated across images is the internal layout of local self-similarities, even though geometric distortions and at multiple scales. These internal self-similarities are efficiently captured by a compact local "self-similarity descriptor". We compare our measure to commonly used SURF. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can realize the rotation invariance, scale invariance and robustness for occlusion. The proposed algorithm can match the shape in the IR and visible images efficiently and correctly.

Polarized infrared imaging technology is a new detection technique which own the ability of spying through the fog, highlighting the target and recognizing the forgeries, these characters make it a good advantage of increasing the work distance in the fog. Compared to the traditional infrared imaging method, polarized infrared imaging can identify the background and target easily, that is the most distinguishing feature of polarized infrared imaging technology. Owning to the large refractive index of the infrared material, temperature change will bring defocus seriously, athermal infrared objective is necessarily. On the other hand, athermal objective has large total length, and hard to be integrated for their huge volume. However telephoto objective has the character of small volume and short total length. The paper introduce a method of polarized and athermal infrared telephoto objective which can spy the fog. First assign the optical power of the fore group and the rear group on the basis of the principle of telephoto objective, the power of the fore group is positive and the rear group is negative; then distribute the optical power within each group to realize the ability of athermalization, finally computer-aided software is used to correct aberration. In order to prove the feasibility of the scheme, an athermal optical system was designed by virtue of ZEMAX software which works at 8~12 µm, the focal length of 150mm, F number is 2, and total length of the telephoto objective is 120mm. The environment temperature analysis shows that the optical system have stable imaging quality, MTF is close to diffraction limit. This telephoto objective is available for infrared polarized imaging.

Infrared target simulator can simulate the real target and background infrared imaging in the laboratory, offer the exactly controlled and repeated condition for the testing and evaluation to the performance of the infrared detection equipment, testing each performance index during the development phase. The characteristics of the infrared optical systems were analyzed. The system parameters which worked at long wave with 1024 ×768 DMD were given. An optical system of medium-frequency wave dynamic infrared scene projector based on the digital micromirror device (DMD) was given by using secondary imaging. The optical system was designed with a long distance of exit pupil, large working distance and short focal length .The exit pupil distance of the system could reach 740 mm, the entrance pupil aperture is 26.5 mm, and the field angle is 12°x9°. In order to get better resolution and image quality, an optimization result and the system aberration were obtained by the ZEMAX software. The whole optical system using the materials of Ge and Si consisted of 6 elements. It was designed with a refractive hybrid system to reduce color aberration and thermal aberration in the temperature range of 10-40¬°. The projector optical system takes advantage of high quality image with MTF better than 0.6 at a spatial frequency of 16 lp/mm in the full field of view, and the distortion is better than 0.5% which is operational within the working temperature.

Airborne Forward looking infra-red (FLIR) searcher simulation system can provide multi-mode simulated test environment that almost actual field environment, and can simulate integrated performance and external interface of airborne FLIR simulation system. Furthermore, the airborne FLIR searcher simulation system can support the algorithm optimization of image processing, and support the test and evaluation of electro-optical system, and also support the line test of software and evaluate the performance of the avionics system. The detailed design structure and information cross-linking relationship of each component are given in this paper. The simulation system is composed of the simulation center, the FLIR actuator, the FLIR emulator, and the display control terminal. The simulation center can generate the simulated target and aircraft flying data in the operation state of the airborne FLIR Searcher. The FLIR actuator can provide simulation scene. It can generate the infrared target and landform based scanning scene, response to the commands from simulation center and the FLIR actuator and operation control unit. The infrared image generated by the FLIR actuator can be processed by the FLIR emulator using PowerPC hardware framework and processing software based on VxWorks system. It can detect multi-target and output the DVI video and the multi-target detection information which corresponds to the working state of the FLIR searcher. Display control terminal can display the multi-target detection information in two-dimension situation format, and realize human-computer interaction function.

LADAR guidance technology is one of the most promising precision guidance technologies. In the aim of simulating the return waveform of the target, a 3D geometrical model of a target is built and mathematical model of target echo signal for imaging LADAR target simulator is established by using the coordinate transformation, radar equation and ranging equation. First, the 3D geometrical data of the object model is obtained by 3D geometrical modeling. Then, target coordinate system and viewpoint coordinate system are created respectively. 3D geometrical model is built in the target coordinate system. The 3D geometrical model is transformed to the viewpoint coordinate system based on the derived relationship between the two coordinate systems. Furthermore, the range information of the target could be obtained under viewpoint coordinate system. Thus, the data of the target echo signal can be obtained by using radar equation and ranging equation. Finally, the echo signal can be exported through corresponding data interface. In order to validate the method proposed in this paper, the echo signal generated by a typical target is computed and compared with the theory solutions. The signals can be applied to drive target simulator to generate a physical target LADAR image.

Infrared scenes generation technologies are used to simulate the infrared radiation characteristics of target and background in the laboratory. They provide synthetic infrared imagery for thermal imager test and evaluation application in the infrared imaging systems. At present, many Infrared scenes generation technologies have been widely used, and they make a lot of achievements. In this paper, we design and manufacture one high performance IR scene generation technology, and the whole thin film type transducer is the key, which is fabricated based on micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS). The specific MEMS technological process parameters are obtained from a large number of experiments. The properties of infrared scene generation chip are investigated experimentally. It achieves high resolution, high frame, and reliable performance, which can meet the requirements of most simulation system. The radiation coefficient of the thin film transducer is measured to be 0.86. The frame rate is 160 Hz. The emission spectrum is from 2μm to 12μm in infrared band. Illuminated by the visible light with different intensities the equivalent black body temperature of transducer could be varied in the range of 290K to 440K. The spatial resolution is more than 256×256.The geometric distortion and the uniformity of the generated infrared scene is 5 percent. The infrared scene generator based on the infrared scene generation chip include three parts, which are visual image projector, visual to thermal transducer and the infrared scene projector. The experimental results show that this thin film type infrared scene generation chip meets the requirements of most of hardware-in-the-loop scene simulation systems for IR sensors testing.

Through thermal emission and scattered solar radiation, clouds present a significant clutter source to infrared surveillance sensors viewing from space. This program has generated IR cloud background scenes through modeling the thermal emission and scattering of the sun, which does so by combining the blackbody thermal emissions at cloud altitudes with solar radiation scattered from the cloud's top surface, and also takes as inputs descriptions of the incident solar radiance, along with sky shine and path radiance,. using NASA's ER-2 HIS data.

When infrared detection scene simulation, Target signature quantitative measurement, a high confidence sensor model should be developed. Generally, sensor model is developed by dividing an infrared sensor into three parts: optics, detector and electronic circuits. Then several Mathematics models describing those parts effect are developed, and a sensor model is integrated. In this way, the sensor model is based on strict mathematic theory. But this model needs a lot of parameters, some of which are very difficult to achieve. So this model have an advantage to analyze sensor model effect, and when to simulating Infrared detection scene or to analyzing quantitative measurement precision of faint target by actual infrared sensor, a sensor model which is based on parameters that can be achieved should be developed. This article presents a new sensor model. The input parameters includes: SiTF, MTF, Noise and so on, all of which can be achieved in laboratory or outfield. The sensor model is validated by point target experiment and four-bar target experiment, and the error is within 5%. The SiTF parameter can be achieved through the relation of blackbody radiation and sensor signal. The noise parameter can be achieved by nonuniform background sensor signal and SiTF. The MTF parameter is very important, but it is difficult to be measured directly, especially outfield. This article presents a method to inverse the MTF by point target observation experiment. This method can be used to inverse an actual sensor MTF outfield by star observation experiment.

In order to comppress the fluctuation of frequency and improve the frequency stability of laser, we demonstrate a wavelength-modulation-locking laser source which has a continuous tuning range around the central wavelength of 852 nm. The system consists of a grating-feedback external cavity diode laser part, an error signal obtaining part and a proportional-integral feedback control part. Two channels are conducted to lock the laser at the hyperfine transition peaks and around the peaks respectively. And the two channels can be switched expediently. When locking at the peaks, the third derivation of the spectrum signal is carried out as an error signal to control the feedback loop. And when locking at the frequency points around the peaks, the output spectrum line is used as the feedback control signal directly. The locking range of the laser frequency is expanded and the fluctuation of the laser is comppressed within the range of 1.15 MHz.

Irradiance is a basic parameter in radiation measurement and play a big role in the research of radiation source.Since infrared target simulator is difficult to precisely calibrate itself and the irradiance value of standard blackbody is infinitely small,besides,some other objective environment factors like dust,dirty spot,vapour,especially the temperature lay worse effect on common infrared system,so it's crucial to decrease energy deficiency and various aberrations throughout integrated elements of optical system to increase measurement precision. Therefore,in this paper, a relatively precise imaging system is designed to measure the irradiance of the simulator itself--the dual-band co-aperture infrared optical system,it can work well under bad conditions said above,particularly when the target isn't fill up with the FOV(field of view). Generally infrared optical system needs big clear aperture, as for the objective of this system,an improved Cassegrain optical system as the co-aperture can be used to receive middle-wave infrared(MWIR3~5μm) and long-wave infrared(LWIR8~12μm) from standard blackbody radiation.As we all know that Cassegrain system has a satisfying relatively bigger aperture and reflective system has no chromatic aberration problem, a proper obstruction ratio of second lens and a hole in the centre of primary lens of the original system must be changed reasonably .So the radiation with least energy deficiency and aberration can be received successfully now. The two beams depart from the hole of primary lens separated by a coated (reflect MWIR and transmit LWIR film or vice versa) beam splitter, then the two different wavelength waves can be divided into two different optical path and finally received by MWIR and LWIR detectors respectively.The design result shows that the distortions of system are both small and the curves of modulation transfer function (MTF) approach the diffraction limit simultaneously in MWIR( 3～5μm) and LWIR( 8～12μm). The dual-band co-aperture infrared optical system has these advantages with a compact structure,a relatively big f-number, less aberrations and energy deficiency. The standard infrared target simulator can be precisely calibrated .

Chlorite minerals present in altered rocks could characterised by field portable near-infrared spectroscopy. It is a kind of low-temperature altered mineral that cristal at between 100 to 400 degree centigrade. Six kinds of major alteration rocks, andesite, dacite, sillite, granite, sandstone and phyllite are shown the spectruml characteristic of chlorite. The characteristic absorption bands of chlorite are always due to OH stretch absorption and metal-OH bend absorption, but different lithology behaves different wavelengths of the absorption bands espetially for basic rocks, intermediate rocks and acid rocks. This behavior could help geologists to study the lithology and diagenetic environment. The diagnostic absorption bands of chlorite are appear at wavelengths between 2249nm and 2260nm, it dues to Fe-OH absorption and called Fe-OH band; and another important absorption band between 2335nm to 2355nm, it is caused by Mg-OH absorption and named Mg-OH band. Fe-OH band and Mg-OH band are always existence proof of chlorite. Basic rocks such as andesite and sillite, their Fe-OH bands are occured at wavelength between 2256nm and 2260nm; Mg-OH bands are located at wavelength between 2338nm to 2339nm. Intermediate rocks such as dacite and sandstone, their Fe-OH bands are appeared at wavelength between 2253nm and 2256nm; Mg-OH bands are shown at between 2237nm and 2251nm. Acid rocks such as granite and phyllite, their Fe-OH bands are shown at wavelength between 2249nm and 2252nm; Mg-OH bands are occurred at wavelength between 2340nm and 2351nm. Contrast with X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer measurement, the wavelength of the Fe-OH band correlates positively with the (FeO+Fe2O3) values. It varies from Mg-rich to Fe-rich varieties, and it can help us to analysis the diagenetic environment, and it could also distinguish basic rocks, intermediate rocks and acid rocks that be rich in chlorite.

When the laser through the atmosphere ,air molecules and aerosol particles can cause scattering of laser transmission process,attenuation of laser energy ,and also change the polarization characteristics of laser,in the end the change will affect the result of the last detected image. On the problem of polarization atmospheric transmission theory imperfection,solve the scattering amplitude functions about the scattering of homogeneous spherical particle and the scattering cross section function from Maxwell's electromagnetic field equation, at the same time, carry out the theoretical research of polarized light scattering characteristics in different medium based on Stokes-Mueller matrix,focus on the character of polarization scattering, conclusion the change rules of polarization state ,degree of polarization,and other polarization parameters,and analysis the relationship of the concentration of transmission medium, transmission distance and the particle diameter by computer numerical simulation. The result indicates that depolarization factor of polarized light is closely related to the concentration of transmission media, the distance of transmission, the particle diameter, revealing that the higher concentration of transmission media, the more obvious depolarization phenomenon which establishes the fundamental of the target being recognized better for the presenting image of depolarization

the polarized light is used in polarization imaging and detection in complex environment, turbid atmosphere under the harsh conditions. Polarized light in the transmission process is affected by smoke composition, the uneven distribution of concentration, particle shape,particle refractive index and other aspects of the causes of polarized light transmission, and the degree of polarization and polarization parameters change. The polarized light research is single on theory study, the experiment equipment simulating environment is not conducive to the transmission characteristics of quantitative study of polarized light in smoke environment. This paper from the research and simulation of smoke device, the device uesd the temperature and humidity adjusting device to control the generation of water mist, to simulate the natural environment in the haze environment, and use of particle size instrument and concentration detection device real-time monitoring test . Polarized light transmission characteristics in the test program and its influencing factors, which can provide reference of polarized light for the transmission characteristics.

In order to provide a set of field test equipment for the infrared system of modern weapon equipments and other optics instruments, a set of large-scale resistance-type infrared target system was designed. First, the large-scale infrared target was designed in modular construction. It was decomposed into several independent and controllable units. Then the working principle of the system was introduced. Three modes of thermal exchange (conduction, convection and radiation) and the computing methods for each mode were given under thermal equilibrium conditions through modeling and simulating. Periphery electro-circuit and control software were carried out as well. Finally, the performance of the system was tested. Meanwhile novel ways of temperature compensation to improve the uniformity of the surface temperature of the target was introduced. The experimental results show that the infrared target could meet test requirements for infrared imaging weaponry which wavelengths from 8 μm to 14 μm. The temperature control precision can reach 0.5ms. In conclusion, the infrared target system can satisfy requirements of reliability, high precision, as well as strong anti-jamming and stabilization.

Space laser communication is the perfectly choose to the earth integrated information backbone network in the future. This paper introduces the structure of the earth integrated information network that is a large capacity integrated high-speed broadband information network, a variety of communications platforms were densely interconnected together, such as the land, sea, air and deep air users or aircraft, the technologies of the intelligent high-speed processing, switching and routing were adopt. According to the principle of maximum effective comprehensive utilization of information resources, get accurately information, fast processing and efficient transmission through inter-satellite, satellite earth, sky and ground station and other links. Namely it will be a space-based, air-based and ground-based integrated information network. It will be started from the trends of laser communication. The current situation of laser multi-point communications were expounded, the transmission scheme of the dynamic multi-point between wireless laser communication n network has been carefully studied, a variety of laser communication network transmission schemes the corresponding characteristics and scope described in detail , described the optical multiplexer machine that based on the multiport form of communication is applied to relay backbone link; the optical multiplexer-based on the form of the segmentation receiver field of view is applied to small angle link, the optical multiplexer-based form of three concentric spheres structure is applied to short distances, motorized occasions, and the multi-point stitching structure based on the rotation paraboloid is applied to inter-satellite communications in detail. The multi-point laser communication terminal apparatus consist of the transmitting and receiving antenna, a relay optical system, the spectroscopic system, communication system and communication receiver transmitter system. The communication forms of optical multiplexer more than four goals or more, the ratio of received power and volume weight will be Obvious advantages, and can track multiple moving targets in flexible.It would to provide reference for the construction of earth integrated information networks.

Based on partially coherent polarized light transmission characteristics of the atmosphere, an intensity expression of completely coherent flashing light is derived from Andrews scale modulation method. According to the generalized Huygens-Fresnel principle and Rytov theory, the phase fluctuation structure function is obtained on condition that the refractive index profile in the atmosphere meet Von Karman spectrum, then get the arrival Angle fluctuation variance. Through the RMS beam width of gaussian beams in turbulent atmosphere, deviation angle formula of fully coherent gaussian beams in turbulence atmosphere is attained, then get the RMS beam width of partially coherent and derivation angle expression of GSM beam in turbulent atmosphere. Combined with transmission properties of radial polarized laser beam, cross spectral density matrix of partially coherent radially polarized light can be gained by using generalized huygens-fresnel principle. And light intensity and polarization after transmission can be known according to the unity of coherence and polarization theory. On the basis of the analysis model and numerical simulation, the simulation results show that: the light spot caused by atmospheric turbulence of partially coherent polarization will be superior to completely polarized light.Taking advantage of this feature, designed a new wireless suppression technology of atmospheric turbulence, that is the optimization criterion of initial degree of coherent light beam. The optimal initial degree of coherent light beam will change along with the change of atmospheric turbulence conditions,make control the beam’s initial degree of coherence to realize the initial degree of coherence of light beam in real time and dynamic control. A spatial phase screen before emission aperture of fully coherent light is to generate the partially coherent light, liquid crystal spatial light modulator is is a preferable way to realize the dynamic random phase. Finally look future of the application research of partially coherent light.

Polarization imaging detection technology in addition to the traditional imaging information, also can get polarization multi-dimensional information, thus improve the probability of target detection and recognition.Image fusion in turbid medium target polarization image research, is helpful to obtain high quality images. Based on visible light wavelength of light wavelength of laser polarization imaging, through the rotation Angle of polaroid get corresponding linear polarized light intensity, respectively to obtain the concentration range from 5% to 10% of turbid medium target stocks of polarization parameters, introduces the processing of image fusion technology, main research on access to the polarization of the image by using different polarization image fusion methods for image processing, discusses several kinds of turbid medium has superior performance of polarization image fusion method, and gives the treatment effect and analysis of data tables. Then use pixel level, feature level and decision level fusion algorithm on three levels of information fusion, DOLP polarization image fusion, the results show that: with the increase of the polarization Angle, polarization image will be more and more fuzzy, quality worse and worse. Than a single fused image contrast of the image be improved obviously, the finally analysis on reasons of the increase the image contrast and polarized light.

the polarized light in the atmosphere, water and human tissue is more application. For polarized light in turbid medium of different integrated transmission characteristics, this paper adopts the mie scattering theory polarized light scattering method research in turbid medium, the transmission characteristics of polarized light in turbid medium is given in the model, the change law of polarization light intensity change. Finally based on the coherent polarization theory, USES the cross spectral density partially coherent light polarization characteristics of transmission in the transmission process changes to make predictions.

The intelligent control of simulation target with infrared imaging target in the indoor and outdoor environment can effectively and quantitatively evaluated the parameters such as the minimum resolution temperature difference（MRTD）and spatial resolution of airborne forward looking infrared, infrared detection and tracking, infrared alarm, and etc. This paper focused on introducing the working principles of the intelligent control simulation target of Infrared imaging target, studying the thermal radiation characteristics of the infrared target surface material, analyzing the influences of the infrared radiation energy distribution, and developing the intelligent control simulation target with IR imaging target for hardware-in-the-loop simulation test. The intelligent control simulation target which area was 5 ㎡ and concluded 44 infrared targets including two kinds of infrared targets ,0.25ｍ×0.25ｍ, and 0.25m×0.5m, achieved 1℃～10℃ temperature simulation of target and the background, and temperature control precision better than 0.5℃. Field test requirements were achieved by actual test.

Earth integrated information network can be real-time acquisition, transmission and processing the spatial information with the carrier based on space platforms, such as geostationary satellites or in low-orbit satellites, stratospheric balloons or unmanned and manned aircraft, etc. It is an essential infrastructure for China to constructed earth integrated information network. Earth integrated information network can not only support the highly dynamic and the real-time transmission of broadband down to earth observation, but the reliable transmission of the ultra remote and the large delay up to the deep space exploration, as well as provide services for the significant application of the ocean voyage, emergency rescue, navigation and positioning, air transportation, aerospace measurement or control and other fields.Thus the earth integrated information network can expand the human science, culture and productive activities to the space, ocean and even deep space, so it is the global research focus. The network of the laser communication link is an important component and the mean of communication in the earth integrated information network. Optimize the structure and design the system of the optical antenna is considered one of the difficulty key technologies for the space laser communication link network. Therefore, this paper presents an optical antenna system that it can be used in space laser communication link network.The antenna system was consisted by the plurality mirrors stitched with the rotational paraboloid as a substrate. The optical system structure of the multi-mirror stitched was simulated and emulated by the light tools software. Cassegrain form to be used in a relay optical system. The structural parameters of the relay optical system was optimized and designed by the optical design software of zemax. The results of the optimal design and simulation or emulation indicated that the antenna system had a good optical performance and a certain reference value in engineering. It can provide effective technical support to realize interconnection of earth integrated laser link information network in the future.

The design of input stage amplifier becomes more and more difficult as the expansion of format arrays and reduction of pixel size. A design method of low-offset amplifier based on 0.18-μm process used in small-size pixel is analyzed in order to decrease the dark signal of extended wavelength InGaAs infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPA). Based on an example of a cascode operational amplifier (op-amp), the relationship between input offset voltage and size of each transistor is discussed through theoretical analysis and Monte Carlo simulation. The results indicate that input transistors and load transistors have great influence on the input offset voltage while common-gate transistors are negligible. Furthermore, the offset voltage begins to increase slightly when the width and length of transistors decrease along with the diminution of pixel size, and raises rapidly when the size is smaller than a proximate threshold value. The offset voltage of preamplifiers with differential architecture and single-shared architecture in small pitch pixel are studied. After optimization under same conditions, simulation results show that single-shared architecture has smaller offset voltage than differential architecture.

The implementation of an effective readout integrated circuit for 320 x 256 middle-and long-wave infrared focal plane arrays (MLIR FPAs) imaging system is detailed in this paper. The key purpose of this design is transferring the signals from dual-color detectors sequentially with effectiveness including lower noise, less voltage loss, lower power consumption, higher linearity, higher speed etc. A double sharing capacitor (DSC) structure is adopted as a solution to how to make a trade-off between the areas of capacitors and the main MOSFETs structures. Compared to the traditional charge transferring, a zero-charge-loss mechanism is applied in this circuit to guarantee a high voltage transferring efficiency. A three-stage cascaded unit gain amplifiers is used to get a high drive capability and good linearity. Meanwhile, a simple but effective power management is introduced to the section of arrays and the first output stage to ensure acceptable power consumption. Moreover, a testing line with adjustable current source is added aside to fulfill the effective testability. Now, the chip has been fabricated with the 0.35um 2P4M mixed signal technology and finished basic testing process. According to the testing results, the whole chip presents a sensitive response to illumination and the output voltage steps are clearly legible at 2.5MHz data transmission rate. As it is expected, this structure achieves 100f/s frame frequency and less than 1% nonlinearity under 5V power supply. However, the output swing reduced to 2V at room temperature of which the reason should be researched further. The total power consumption reaches 170mW.

Chlorophyll content and distribution in leaf can reflect the plant health and nutrient status of the plant indirectly. It is meaningful to monitor the 3D distribution of chlorophyll in plant science. It can be done by the method in this paper: Firstly, the chlorophyll contents at different point in leaf are measured with the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter, and the RGN images composed by the channel R, G and NIR are captured with the imaging system. Secondly, the 3D model is built from the RGN images and the RGN texture map containing all the information of R, G and NIR is generated. Thirdly, the regression model between chlorophyll content and color characteristics is established. Finally, the 3D distribution of chlorophyll in rice is captured by mapping the 2D distribution map of chlorophyll calculated by the regression model to the 3D model. This methodology achieves the combination of phenotype and physiology, it can calculated the 3D distribution of chlorophyll in rice well. The color characteristic g is good indicator of chlorophyll content which can be used to measure the 3D distribution of chlorophyll quickly. Moreover, the methodology can be used to high throughout analyze the rice.

In the hybrid InSb focal plane arrays(FPAs) chip fabrication process, the fracture of chips under thermal shock is the main factor of InSb FPA chip failure and the yield of InSb FPAs chip has been limited by the high fracture probability. In this paper, a novel equipment for thermal shock experiment has been designed. Using this equipment, the thermal shock experiment on InSb FPAs was carried out and the position and distribution of cracks in InSb FPAs chip was obtained. It was found that thermal mismatch stress and process damage are two main causes responsible for InSb FPAs chip’s fracture by analyzing crack and process factors. By selecting suitable underfill materials, optimizing the curing process, controlling the feed rate of wafer cutting,reducing thermal mismatch stress and avoiding the process damage induced in process, the cracking probability of InSb FPAs chip has been decreased.Thus, the yield of InSb FPAs chip was increased significantly.

Infrared imaging system has been applied widely in both military and civilian fields. Since the infrared imager has various types and different parameters, for system manufacturers and customers, there is great demand for evaluating the performance of IR imaging systems with a standard tool or platform. Since the first generation IR imager was developed, the standard method to assess the performance has been the MRTD or related improved methods which are not perfect adaptable for current linear scanning imager or 2D staring imager based on FPA detector. For this problem, this paper describes an evaluation method based on the triangular orientation discrimination metric which is considered as the effective and emerging method to evaluate the synthesis performance of EO system. To realize the evaluation in field test, an experiment instrument is developed. And considering the importance of operational environment, the field test is carried in practical atmospheric environment. The test imagers include panoramic imaging system and staring imaging systems with different optics and detectors parameters (both cooled and uncooled). After showing the instrument and experiment setup, the experiment results are shown. The target range performance is analyzed and discussed. In data analysis part, the article gives the range prediction values obtained from TOD method, MRTD method and practical experiment, and shows the analysis and results discussion. The experimental results prove the effectiveness of this evaluation tool, and it can be taken as a platform to give the uniform performance prediction reference.

Because of the particularity of terahertz radiation, terahertz digital holographic imaging has attracted increasing attention. Thereinto, the resolution is the key to this field. Within an inverse problem framework, the simulation on the single point resolution of 2.52 THz on-axis digital hologram at different recording distances and object positions is made in this paper. Simulation results show that the recording distance and the object position have a great influence on the single point resolution. Simulation results have important directive significance to the practical terahertz digital holographic imaging.