This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 7280, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and the Conference Committee listing.

Cortical depolarization (CD) of the cerebral cortex could be developed under various pathophysiological conditions. In animal models, CD was recorded under partial or complete ischemia as well as when cortical spreading depression (SD) was induced externally or by internal stimulus. The development of CD in patients and the changes in various metabolic parameters, during CD, was rarely reported. Brain metabolic, hemodynamic, ionic and electrical responses to the CD event are dependent upon the O₂ balance in the tissue. When the O2 balance is negative (i.e. ischemia), the CD process will be developed due to mitochondrial dysfunction, lack of energy and the inhibition of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase. In contradiction, when oxygen is available (i.e. normoxia) the development of CD after induction of SD will accelerate mitochondrial respiration for retaining ionic homeostasis and normal brain functions. We used the multiparametric monitoring approach that enable real time monitoring of mitochondrial NADH redox state, microcirculatory blood flow and oxygenation, extracellular K⁺, Ca²⁺, H⁺ levels, DC steady potential and electrocorticogram (ECoG). This monitoring approach, provide a unique tool that has a significant value in analyzing the pathophysiology of the brain when SD developed under normoxia, ischemia, or hypoxia. We applied the same monitoring approach to patients suffered from severe head injury or exposed to neurosurgical procedures.

Microfluidic technology has found many applications; yet, the extension of this technology into the area of sperm health evaluation has been limited. For this application, the need to maintain the microenvironment at a temperature conducive for gamete activity is of crucial importance. Although some existing commercial microscopes are currently equipped with incubators, they are relatively expensive, lack flexibility and convenience for microfluidic operations. Here we report the sperm analysis on a microfluidic chip using a custom-made temperature control system. The system consists of a water chamber with a window at the bottom, a Pt100 temperature sensor, a temperature control module, a set of Peltier elements, and a DC power supply. A Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic chip was packaged and immersed in the water chamber, with sperm loaded into the chip through a silicone tube using a syringe. The results of sperm motility were then evaluated via microscopic observation. This temperature control system is cost-effective, portable, and compatible with different kinds of inverted optical microscopes. Experiments also demonstrate that the system can provide the stable, accurate and uniform temperature environment necessary for microfluidic sperm analysis.

Advances in nanotechnology applications in medicine, including enhanced cancer therapy cause necessity investigation of nanoparticles toxicity. Herein, we report results encompassing the histological examination of tissues and biochemical tests of blood plasma after intravenous injection of gold nanoparticles. Besides of this, we analyzed passive accumulation of nanoshells in the tumor.

Neurons can respond to stimuli with temporally precise firing events and use precisely temporal spike patterns to encode information. However, whether or not such precise temporal spike sequences occur in the spontaneous firing activity of neuronal networks in vitro is not well understood. Advances in multi-electrode recording techniques allow study of the dynamics of neuronal populations' activity and its role in information coding. In this report, the hippocampal neurons from rats were cultured on a multi-microelectrode arrays dish and their spontaneous activities were recorded. The plotting of interspike interval versus time was used to investigate the characteristics of temporal coding in spontaneous spike trains. The results show that several unique temporal patterns of spike sequences appear twice with detail repeated to within a millisecond in the same spike train, without any specific experimental perturbation. Groups of such repeating sequences occur together, comprising apparent information units. The study demonstrates that intricate patterns of precisely temporal structures are one of the main forms of temporal coding, and may encode information even during spontaneous activity. This finding may further the understanding of the complex neuronal coding in spontaneous activity in vitro or in vivo.

Laser irradiation is the most acceptable therapy for PWS patient at present time. Its efficacy is highly dependent on the energy deposition rules in skin. To achieve optimal PWS treatment parameters a better understanding of light propagation in PWS skin is indispensable. Traditional Monte Carlo simulations using simple geometries such as planar layer tissue model can not provide energy deposition in the skin with enlarged blood vessels. In this paper the structure of normal skin and the pathological character of PWS skin was analyzed in detail and the true structure were simplified into a hybrid layered mathematical model to character two most important aspects of PWS skin: layered structure and overabundant dermal vessels. The basic laser-tissue interaction mechanisms in skin were investigated and the optical parameters of PWS skin tissue at the therapeutic wavelength. Monte Carlo (MC) based techniques were choused to calculate the energy deposition in the skin. Results can be used in choosing optical dosage. Further simulations can be used to predict optimal laser parameters to achieve high-efficacy laser treatment of PWS.

Abstract The Wavelet transform has been established with the Fourier transform as a data-processing method in analytical fields. The main fields of application are related to de-noising, compression, variable reduction, and signal suppression. Raman spectroscopy (RS) is characterized by the frequency excursion that can show the information of molecule. Every substance has its own feature Raman spectroscopy, which can analyze the structure, components, concentrations and some other properties of samples easily. RS is a powerful analytical tool for detection and identification. There are many databases of RS. But the data of Raman spectrum needs large space to storing and long time to searching. In this paper, Wavelet packet is chosen to compress Raman spectra data of some benzene series. The obtained results show that the energy retained is as high as 99.9% after compression, while the percentage for number of zeros is 87.50%. It was concluded that the Wavelet packet has significance in compressing the RS data.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging cross-sectional imaging technology. It uses broadband light sources to achieve axial image resolutions on a few microns scale. In this paper, the principle of Fourier domain mode-locked (FDML) wavelength swept laser for swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) is presented and crucial parameters of the laser system are discussed. On analysis of different methods and system configurations, a new configuration of swept laser system is put forward. We theoretically demonstrate a high-speed, broad bandwidth, Fourier domain mode-locked (FDML) wavelength swept laser around 1310 nm for high-resolution frequency domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT). The laser has a fiber ring cavity with a semiconductor optical amplifier gain medium. Intra-cavity mode selection is achieved with an in-fiber tunable fiber Fabry-Perot filter. The laser is designed to generate 32 kHz sweeping rate with a tuning range of 165 nm full width, 3 dB sweep range of 91 nm. In SS-OCT applications the swept laser will achieve about 8.3 μm axial resolution in air and 5.9 μm axial resolution in biological tissue. The instantaneous linewidth is 0.103 nm corresponding to a coherence length of several mm, enabling OCT imaging over a large axial range. The swept laser implemented in the FD-OCT system can provide information of biological tissue imaging in real time.

Micro-channels were fabricated in sodalime glass through imprinting, and then joined to a glass slab by thermal assisted direct bonding (TADB). These techniques are simple and low cost, suitable for mass production of micro-fluidic devices. The joined samples were characterized before and after TADB by optical microscopy, profilometer, SEM, shear strength test and Vickers hardness test. The integrity of channels is maintained also after the TADB. The interface between the two glass slabs was found to be without impurities, bubbles and cracks. The bonding strength was also measured to be 31.94MPa.

Abstract As one kind of molecule scattering spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy (RS) is characterized by the frequency excursion that can show the information of molecule. RS has a broad application in biological, chemical, environmental and industrial fields. But signals in Raman spectral analysis often have noise, which greatly influences the achievement of accurate analytical results. The de-noising of RS signals is an important part of spectral analysis. Wavelet transform has been established with the Fourier transform as a data-processing method in analytical fields. The main fields of application are related to de-noising, compression, variable reduction, and signal suppression. In de-noising of Raman Spectroscopy, wavelet is chosen to construct de-noising function because of its excellent properties. In this paper, bior wavelet is adopted to remove the noise in the Raman spectra. It eliminates noise obviously and the result is satisfying. This method can provide some bases for practical de-noising in Raman spectra.

Conventional analyses of OCT signal measurements resolve the signal decay profile in terms of single discrete exponential function with distinct exponential model. In symmetrical medium, mono-exponential decay function can appear to provide a well fit to OCT signal decay data, but the assuption of symmetrical components is essentially arbitrary and is often erroneous. Actually, the real biological samples such as tissue contained more complex components and are more heterogeneous. To avoid the shortages of mono-exponential decay function fitting to OCT signal decay data from heterogeneous biological tissues, a novel model of flexible exponential function has been developed. The main idea of the flexible exponential function modle is based on the assuption that heterogeneous biological tissue can be considered as a multi-layered tissue. Each layer is symmetric and the OCT signal decay profile in each layer obeies to a distinct single exponential function. If we can find out all the distinct single exponential function for each layer, the total flexible exponential function is determined by summing up all the single exponential functions. As pilot studies on the practical application of flexibleexponential decay model for monitoring and quantifying the diffusion of different analytes in turbid biological tissues in vivo by using OCT system, we demonstrate an experiment of monitoring of glucose diffusion in agar gel. In addition, the flexible-exponential decay model can provide a direct measure of the heterogeneity of the sample, and the analysis of turbid tissues OCT map using the flexible-exponential decay model can reveal subtle tissue differences that other models fail to show.

A cell lysis device is developed. It is designed for miniaturing bio-analysis systems where cell lysing is needed to obtain intracellular materials for further analysis such as DNA identification. It consists of multi-electrode pairs to apply electric fields to cells. The method of electric field lysing is adopted because it can greatly simplify purifying steps for preparation of biological samples compared with conventional chemical methods. BHK21 cells are tested with the device and the lysis of BHK21 is observed with a microscope. The experimental observation suggests that BHK21 cells are lysed by the pulsed electric field. It takes inverted microscope as the main light path system, collects pictures with 3 Mega Pixel CCD camera and deals them with processing software of micro-digital image. The experiment shows that this optical testing system could automatically identify and count BHK21 in micro-windows. For crushing BHK21 cells, the most suitable voltage range and pulse width are 3V and 3ms.

New field of application of fractal dimensions is proposed. A technique, based on the calculation of fractal dimension was used for identification of malignant and non-malignant growths. It was proved that results drastically depends on tissues properties. Nevertheless, results, which were obtained from fractal dimension, are in good correspond to results, obtained using technique of invariant Zernike moments. The possibility of application of both techniques to speckle-fields, formed by laser light dispersed on histological sections, in in vitro express-diagnostics of tissues with pathological changes is investigated.

Propagation of light into randomly dispersed scattering media is a complicated problem that can be numerically simulated using statistical methods such as Monte Carlo. Jacques et al. have built three different Polarized Monte Carlo (PMC) programs (under UNIX terminal) to keep track of the status of polarization of light traveling through scattering media. However, several unexpected incidents such as running termination and datum overflow occur when the three PMC programs are executed. In this paper, based on a detailed description of the operation procedure of the three PMC programs, we analyze the reasons for termination and overflow and propose optimization method. The operation procedure exhibits that our compulsory optimizations make the programs run normally. Comparison with previous works shows that the optimized programs can generate more exact results.

A novel culture medium of low conductivity suitable for dielectrophoretic selection of sperm was developed. Conventional IVF methods lack the capability of selecting the expected sperms and the embryonic development may be adversely affected to certain extent. Dielectrophoresis (DEP), a technique commonly applied in cell manipulation [1], may provide an alternative. However, the conventional IVF medium has a high conductivity, which may result in the unexpected heating effect during DEP causing damage to the gametes. The newly developed medium consists of sucrose, HEPES, BSA and low concentrations of ions. The conductivity of this medium is significantly lower than the conventional IVF medium. Motility and membrane integrality of the mouse sperm were tested in the low-conductivity medium, demonstrating an acceptable percent rate of motile sperm compared to the control groups.

In this paper we proposed a novel path integral method using multilevel Metropolis sampling to extract the contours of interested objects of medical images, which is a quantum statistical approach inspired by the essential characteristics of quantum. The implemented multilevel Metropolis sampling is a fast approach to the sampling problem and can be used to sample any distribution function and calculate all actions for the movements of quantum particle towards the position with high probability density likely to be accepted. Comparing with traditional deformable models based on classical mechanics which are sensitive to the initialization of contour and difficult to adapt topology changes of the contour, our work has the capability to break through the limitations of deformable models and makes the boundary extraction in high noise and low contrast of medical images possible. Experiments were performed with synthetic and medical images and the feasibility and potential of our method was demonstrated.

Fractional laser resurfacing technology is one of those medical advanced technologies. It has bridged the gap between ablative lasers and non-ablative lasers. Fractional laser resurfacing is a new laser skin treatment modality that creates numerous microscopic thermal injury zones with controlled width, depth and density. Those injury zones are surrounded by a reservoir of spared epidermal and dermal tissue that allow for rapid repair of laser-induced thermal injury. In this paper the ideal laser parameters, the damage depth and width, the relationship between the energy and the damage about fractional resurfacing and so on are analyzed. The results show: the Q-switch Er:YAG laser is an ideal lasers for fractional laser resurfacing, the dynamical equilibrium time of fractional resurfacing treating is depended on the energy, the damage area is only the evaporation zone with minimal residual heat, and the damage width and depth of the injury zone in fractional treating can be controlled precisely by the appropriate adjustment of the diameter, energy, pulse width and frequency of Er:YAG laser beam.

In this paper a practical, automated contour segmentation technique for digital radiography image is described. Digital radiography is an imaging mode based on the penetrability of x-ray. Unlike reflection imaging mode such as visible light camera, the pixel brightness represents the summation of the attenuations on the photon thoroughfare. It is not chromophotograph but gray scale picture. Contour extraction is of great importance in medical applications, especially in non-destructive inspection. Manual segmentation techniques include pixel selection, geometrical boundary selection and tracing. But it relies heavily on the experience of the operators, and is time-consuming. Some researchers try to find contours from the intensity jumping characters around them. However these characters also exist in the juncture of bone and soft tissue. The practical way is back to the primordial threshold algorithm. This research emphasizes on how to find the optimal threshold. A high resolution digital radiography system is used to provide the oriental gray scale image. A mouse is applied as the sample of this paper to show the feasibility of the algorithm.

Ultraviolet light-induced damage to human skin DNA was widely investigated. The primary mechanism of this damage contributed to form cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmers (CPDs). Although the distribution of UV light-induced CPDs within a defined sequence is similar, the damage in cellular environment which shields the nuclear DNA was higher than that in organism in apparent dose. So we use low UVB light as main study agent. Low dose UV-irradiated HDF-a cells (Human Dermal Fibroblasts-adult cells) which is weaker than epidermic cells were cultured with DMEM at different trace amount of Mg²⁺ (0mmol/L , 0.1mmol/L , 0.2mmol/L, 0.4mmol/L, 0.8mmol/L, 1.2mmol/L) free-serum DMEM and the repair of DNA strands injured were observed. Treat these cells with DNA strand breaks detection, photoproducts detection and the repair of photoproducts detection. Then quantitate the role of trace amount Mg²⁺ in repair of UV light-induced damage to human skin. The experiment results indicated that epidermic cells have capability of resistance to UV-radiation at a certain extent. And Mg²⁺ can regulate the UV-induced damage repair and relative vitality. It can offer a rationale and experiment data to relieve UV light-induced skin disease.

Measurement of tissue optical properties with optical coherence tomography (OCT) shows that scattering coefficient has an effect on the OCT signal slope. The slope is calculated by linear fitting with a certain range of OCT signal; hence, the effect of fitting range on the scattering induced change of slope is an important topic. In this paper, we study the scattering induced change of OCT signal slope versus depth in Intralipid suspensions with different concentrations based on Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that the OCT signal slope expresses a contrary change with scattering coefficient below a certain depth in high Intralipid concentrations, so there is an effective fitting depth. The effective fitting depth is approximately 600 μm for 10% Intralipid and increases with decreasing concentrations. The effective fitting depth is due to the face that multiple scattering photons of backscattered light become dominant below the depth, and it is related with the numeric aperture (NA) of the object lens.

SERS spectroscopy was employed to study the interaction of the antitumoral drug paclitaxel with human serum albumin. The normal Raman spectrum of the paclitaxel was shown in this study for the first time. There were some differences existing in the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectrum of paclitaxel and its human serum albumin (HSA), which demonstrated that there was high bioaffinity of paclitaxel to human serum albumin. And it was also found that there existed some differences in the SERS of the paclitaxel/HSA complexes at different pH values, which may indicated some significant information on the binding site, by which paclitaxel binds to human serum albumin. It can provide significant instruction in the synthesis of the drug and in improving the therapeutic efficacy of this drug.

Two image sensors simulate directly the way of disposing images with the human's two eyes, so it has important value to apply to many domains, such as object identify, workpiece localization, robot navigation, and so on. This paper focus on the object localization and distance detection based on two image sensors. It concentrates on how to apply two CCD image sensors to object localization of a sphere in indoor environments. At first a space model of the two image sensors was set up, then an experiment platform was built in order to prove the correctness and feasibility of that localization algorithm, and the relationship between the coordinate localization accuracy and the sensor structural parameters was analyzed. At the end the source caused to localization errors was found out by their characteristics.

To analyze quantitatively the heat effect of laser and bio-tissue by using available model is propitious to estimate clinic effect and optimize laser parameter. The most researches for the heat interaction were limited on temperature distributing without mass flow process, and few researches on heat interaction with high-power pulse laser. The finity difference method was used to simulate the distributing of light, heat source, temperature fields and vaporizing depth along with time. The relations of temperature rise, vaporizing efficiency versus power density, irradiation time, pulse width, repeat frequency, were analyzed theoretically. The simulation results were compared with experiment and indicated that the absorption coefficient of tissue influences greatly aggradation of laser energy, heat transfer and vaporizing on tissue surface. The highest temperature point locates on tissue surfaces, and change of temperature field is induced by the different cooling condition on surface. The theoretical model is reasonable and may give some references to the laser bio-tissue vaporization.

To observe the effect of solanine on the membrane potential of mitochondria in HepG2 cells and [Ca²⁺]i in the cells, and to uncover the mechanism by which solanine induces apoptosis. HepG2 cells are double stained with and Fluo-3/AM, and both the change in membrane potential of mitochondria and that of [Ca²⁺]i in the cells are observed using LCSM. The results of double staining with TMRE and Fluo-3/AM show that solanine can lower membrane potential and increase the concentration of Ca²⁺ in the cells Solanine opens up the PT channels in the membrane by lowering the membrane potential, leading to Ca²⁺ being transported down its concentration gradient, which in turn leads to the rise of the concentration of Ca²⁺ in the cell, turning on the mechanism for apoptosis.

In the current work, Hypocrellin A (HA) is one of the nature photosensitizer was recognized by researchers, and it used as a probe to research the molecular recognition and interaction with protein, the work suggested the HA can as the medicine to treat some disease. This paper study the spectrum character of photoreaction of Hypocrellin A and cysteine in different pH value, the spectrum show an isosbestic point at 495nm, and the absorption peak at 478nm was red-shifted to about 500nm. The result suggested the HA can react with cysteine in this condition, and farther illuminated the cysteine residue may is one of the target of the interaction of HA or HB with protein.

In this paper, we developed a microsphere enhanced and label free high throughput molecular detection based on SPRI and microarray chips, and a self-built surface plasmon resonance imaging instrument was set. One label-free protein chip forming a 7× probe array was designed and fabricated using a commercial microarray robot spotter on chemical modified gold-coated glass slide. Antibody molecules were successfully detected in label-free and high-throughput method by using this chip. The detection signals on the chip was successfully enhanced by using microspheres with a diameter of 1 μm.

Laser scanning confoncal technology was used to study relationship between apoptosis and change of Ca²⁺ induced by CSA (Capparis spinosa L. total alkaloid, CSA) on human heptocarcinoma cell HepG-2. Killing effect of CSA on human heptocarcinoma cell HepG-2 was measured by MTT method, while morphological observation of HepG-2 cells was completed by fluorescence microscope. Apoptosis induced by CSA on HepG-2 cells was measured by flowcytometry. In addition, change of intracellular Ca²⁺ level of CSA on HepG-2 cells was observed by laser scanning confocal microscope. As a result, CSA had obvious cytotoxicity on HepG-2 in a dose-dependent manner, and its IC50 was 162.4μg/ml. CSA could induce characteristic apoptosic morphology of HepG-2 cells, and apoptosis percentage was significantly higher than control one. Migration of cells cycle from S phase to G2 phase had been blocked by CSA. Concentration of Ca²⁺ in HepG-2 had been increased by CSA, which was positive correlation with drug dosage. CSA had obvious effect of killing and inducing apoptosis on human heptocarcinoma cell HepG-2, and overload of Ca²⁺ might be invovled in these events.

Water is necessary to human being and all kinds of animals and plants. In recently years, Bottled Water become the main drinking water whatever for families or for institutions. But most of them have no conception of the water's safety or quality. To have conceptions of the count and distributing of the microorganisms in bucket pure water, we use fluorescent microscope counting stained with SYBR Green I to research the microorganisms (including virus) quantity in Bottled Water for six samples produced in different place. Analyzing shows that the quantity of the microorganisms in these water are different. Some up to 11.912×10⁶ virus/ m L. The quality of Bottled Water needs to be improved. And the quantity of microorganisms in the water is different with different ways to keep the water. At the same time, it shows that fluorescent microscope counting stained with SYBR Green I method is simple and high sensitive to such low microorganisms quantity water sample. It can be used in the microorganisms dynamic quantity research in drinking water.

Infrared thermal imaging (ITI) is the potential imaging technique for the health care field of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Successful application demands obeying the characteristics and regularity of the ITI of human body and designing rigorous trials. First, the influence of time must be taken into account as the ITI of human body varies with time markedly. Second, relative magnitude is preferred to be the index of the image features. Third, scatter diagrams and the method of least square could present important information for evaluating the health care effect. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial was undertaken to study the influences of Shengsheng capsule, one of the TCM health food with immunity adjustment function, on the ITI of human body. The results showed that the effect of Shengsheng capsule to people with weak constitution or in the period of being weak could be reflected objectively by ITI. The relative efficacy rate was 81.3% for the trial group and 30.0% for the control group, there was significant difference between the two groups (P=0.003). So the sensitivity and objectivity of ITI are of great importance to the health care field of TCM.

We demonstrated that a simple image statistic, skewness, is able to distinguish the various concentration of Intralipid solution by using optical coherence tomography. The results showed that the skewness is increased with the concentration of Intralipid solution. According to Mie theory, the skewness is correlated with the scattering coefficient of Intralipid solution. And the correlation between skewness and scattering coefficient is explained that the skewness exploits the characteristic of asymmetry of probability density distribution of image intensity.

Propagation of polarized light in turbid media such as bio-tissue has attracted significant recent interest because of its promising applications in noninvasive optical diagnosis and imaging. In this paper Monte Carlo algorithm and Stokes-Mueller formalism were used to simulate the propagation behavior of polarized light in turbid media and discuss the backscattered polarization patterns in a layered structure. The two dimensional (2D) distributions of backscattered Stokes vectors were calculated. Using user-defined functions, integrated Stokes vectors were calculated and analyzed quantificationally. Results suggest that each optical property parameter, such as scattering, absorption and structure layer, has dissimilar effects on backscattered polarization patterns. Scattering produce a spatial re-distribution of light, while absorption only causes a uniform decrease in intensity. Both can be easily differentiated by backscattered polarization patterns. Backscattered polarization patterns from a two-layer model with thin surface layer were also calculated, integrated Stokes vector represent disparate alternant rule for upper and lower layer, which suggest possibilities for discriminating subtle epidermal structure. All these results together indicate that discriminate optical properties in turbid media with layered structure using backscattered polarization patterns is feasible.

Optical imaging with high resolution is significant to reveal the functional activities of brain and the mechanism of disease, and has grown into a diverse field. The high-resolution multi-parameters optical imaging system which combines the laser speckle contrast imaging method and optical intrinsic signal imaging method can obtain more hemodynamic information in cortex simultaneously. However, most of current optical imaging systems use He-Ne laser and mercury xenon arc lamp as the light source. Meanwhile, the control unit of the system which includes a personal computer, is not portable. In this paper, we develop a multiple parameters hemodynamic imaging system based on ARM. To make the system more compact, three wavelengths light-emitting diode and laser diode as imaging illuminants were adopted. In addition, the real-time embedded operation system (μC/OS-II) and embedded Graphic User Interface (μC/GUI) were introduced. Animal experimental results also show that changes in oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, total hemoglobin concentration and cerebral blood flow during Cortical Spreading Depression can be simultaneously accessed using this optical imaging system based on embedded ARM.

Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) is becoming a promising optical technique that generates two-dimensional map of blood flow of biological tissues in vivo with high spatiotemporal resolution. Experimental considerations for effective implementation of this technique have been extensively discussed. However, the influence of magnification of imaging system on laser speckle contrast imaging has not been sufficiently studied. In this study, we employ a porcelain plate model experiment to investigate the impact of magnification on statistical characteristic of speckle pattern and on the sensitivity of the measurement. We show that dynamic speckle contrast decreases with increasing magnification while static speckle contrast keeps constant with that. The sensitivity of LSCI has insignificant change throughout the magnifications in our experiments. Our results suggest that dynamic scattering areas with very slow speeds can be discriminated from the static ones, such as discriminating some small vessels from the cortex in cerebral blood flow imaging more efficiently when larger magnification is used.

Here we present that single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWNT) coated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) can be used as a contrast agent for photoacoustic molecular imaging. In vitro and in vivo experiments results show a good enhancement of the optical absorption by SWNT in photoacoustic imaging. The experimental results also show that a high contrast and a high efficient targeting of integrin α_vβ₃ positive U87 human glioblastoma tumours in mice could be achieved. This study suggests that photoacoustic molecular imaging with antibody functionalized SWNTs has the potential to be an effective early tumor diagnoses method.

Objective: To observe the clinical therapeutic effect of intense pulsed light PhotoDerm (IPL PhotoDerm) for vascular dermatosis and analysis the possible factors affecting the therapeutic effect. Methods: Treat all blank kinds of vascular dermatosis 85 cases with IPL PhotoDerm, observe the therapeutic effect and no obvious side-effects of vascular dermatosis. Results: The cure rate of telangiectasis, arterial spider nevus, strawberry nevus, avermrus uemongioma and nevus flammeus with IPL PhotoDerm is respective 76.5%, 91.7%, 88.9%, 27.8%, 15%, and the cure rate in three times is respective 35.3%, 91.7%, 66.7%, 5.6% and 5%. 6 eases appear pigmentation, pigment subsidence or atrophic scar. Conclusion: The therapeutic effect of vascular dermatosis with IPL PhotoDerm is satisfying, and the no obvious side-effects is less.

Intravascular low energy laser therapy (ILELT) was put forward for cardiocirculatory diseases in USA in 1982, was popular in Russia in 1980s, and then in China in 1990s. The therapeutic effects of ILELT and drugs in comparison with drugs only on Chinese patients and their blood parameters were analyzed with meta-analyses and reported as (OR, 95%CI) for patient improvement and (WMD, 95% CI) for blood parameter improvement, where 95%CI, OR and WMD denoted 95% confidence intervals, odds ratio and weighted mean difference, respectively. It was found that the patients of cerebral infarction (2.39, 2.09~2.74) and cerebrovascular diseases (2.97, 1.69~2.53) were cured, respectively, (P < 0.01), and the symptom improvement of patients of cerebral infarction, cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes were significant (3.13, 2.79~3.51), (4.92, 3.39~7.14) , and (3.80, 2.79~5.18), and mild (3.66, 3.15~4.24), (4.95, 2.77~8.84), and (7.11, 4.54~11.13), respectively, (P < 0.01). It was also found that the blood parameters such as cholesterol (-0.78, -1.32~-0.24), total cholesterol (-1.08, -1.80~-0.36), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (-0.6, -1.01~-0.19), triacylglycerol (0.63, -0.83~-0.42), high density lipoprotein (0.34, 0.10~0.59), erythrocyte aggregation index (-0.24, -0.27~-0.21), erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (-4.57, -7.26~-1.89), fibrinogen (-0.76, -1.31~-0.21), whole blood contrast viscosity (-0.40, -0.69~-0.12), low cut blood viscosity (-1.2, -1.93~-0.48), high cut blood viscosity (-0.62, -0.92~-0.32), whole blood viscosity(-1.2, -1.85~-0.54) and plasma blood contrast viscosity(-0.07, -0.12~-0.03) were found improved (P < 0.05). It is concluded that the patients of cerebral infarction, cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes might be improved with ILELT, which might be mediated by blood parameter improvement.

The photodiode array (PDA) spectrometer combined with partial least square (PLS) was developed to rapid measure the internal quality indices of Gannan navel orange nondestructively in the wavelength range of 550-950nm. The original spectra were processed by standard normal variate (SNV) and Savitzky-Golay (SG) smooth method. The optimal models of internal quality indices were determined after different spectral windows chosen. The optimal model of soluble solids content (SSC), total acidity (TA) and ratio of them were developed with RMSECV = 0.5118Brix%, 0.0856% and 2.0617 by PLS method, respectively. The optimal spectral windows were 700-950nm, 600-750nm and 600-950nm for measuring internal indices nondestructively by PDA. The results illustrated that PDA with PLS method were a rapid tool to measure the internal quality indices of Gannan navel orange nondestructively.

Visual prostheses for extreme vision impairment have come closer to reality during these few years. The task of this research has been to design exoteric devices and study image processing algorithms and methods for different complexity images. We have developed a real-time system capable of image capture and processing to obtain most available and important image features for recognition and simulation experiment based on DSP (Digital Signal Processor). Beyond developing hardware system, we introduce algorithms such as resolution reduction, information extraction, dilation and erosion, square (circular) pixelization and Gaussian pixelization. And we classify images with different stages according to different complexity such as simple images, medium complex images, complex images. As a result, this paper will get the needed signal for transmitting to electrode array and images for simulation experiment.

Hypocrellin B, a photosensitizer isolated from Hypocrella Bambuase sacc in Yunnan province, has significant anti-tumor and anti-virus character. In this article, hypocrellin B, which was grafted on activated carbon, was used as photocatalysts to catalytic oxidize 2,3,5-trimethylphenol to 2,3,5-trimethylhydrobenzoquinone because of its high photons efficiency. This study realized nearly 100% selectivity for 2,3,5-trimethylhydrobenzoquinone under visible light irradiation (>400nm) at aerobic atmosphere. The photocatalytic oxidation process has been studied by different parameters like the pretreatment of activated carbon, synthetic mehtod of grafted hypocrellin, and photo-assisted oxidation catalysis of 2,3,5-trimethylphenol to 2,3,5-trimethylhdrobenzoquinone. Compared to the conventional methods, this process could be more eco-friendly.

Homeostasis is a classical concept of physiology, and will be developed into function-specific homeostasis (FSH) in this paper. FSH is a negative-feedback response of a biosystem to maintain the function-specific conditions inside the biosystem. Let Q be the quality of a FSH. A person might simultaneously have many kinds of FSH, {FSH_i, i = 1, 2,... n}, and then has {Q_i, i = 1, 2,...,n}. Let Qmax=max{Q_i, i = 1, 2,...n}. Qmax represents the health level, and might be enhanced by training. An individual system might be classified as FSH-essential subsystems (FESs) and FSH-non-essential subsystems (FNSs) which homeostasis can be written as FESHs and FNSHs for short, respectively. The training to establish a new FSH can also be classified as extraordinary training (ET) and ordinary training (OT). ET disrupts the present FSH and establishes FESHs. OT maintains FESHs and establishes FNSHs and then a new FSH, and then maintains the new FSH. The cellular rehabilitation of low level laser irradiation or monochromatic light might promote the establishment of FESHs, FNSHs and then FSH, shorten ET or OT period and then promote health.

There are effects of sportswear color on the contest outcome. It has been explained from the psychological and perceptual viewpoints, respectively. It was studied by integrating the homeostatic theory of exercise training and autonomic nervous model of color vision in this paper. It was found that the effects of sportswear color on the contest outcome depend on autonomic nervous homeostasis (ANH). Color can be classified into hot color such as red, orange and yellow and cold color such as green, blue and violet. If the athletes have been in ANH, there are no effects of sportswear color on the contest outcome. If the autonomic nervous system is far from ANH due to exercise induced fatigue, wearing cold color had no predominance for cold-hot matches, and wearing white had no predominance for white-color matches.

Based on the principle that residual stress in crystal lattice leads to change of distance among atoms, an approximate linear relationship between Raman shift and suffered strain of fibers is deduced. According to the stress-strain curve, a linear relationship between the stress and Raman shift is also deduced, and the ratio coefficient of the stress and Raman frequency shift is given. In high intensity carbon fibers, different spectra of the carbon fibers are obtained by Raman spectroscopy. The approximate linear relationship between the carbon fiber tensile strain and Raman shift is validated and the stress factor is given as well. Both the theoretic and experimental results show that the stress factor is -486.7GPa.mm. The experiment results also show that the Raman spectroscopy is a very effective method for the microstructure residual stress measurement. This method for residual stress measurement by Raman shift is able to be used in textile, biology, materials etc..

A new and non-invasive method adapted for optical diagnosis of early caries is proposed by researching on the interaction mechanism of laser with dental tissue and relations of remitted light with optical properties of the tissue. This method is based on simultaneous analyses of the following parameters: probing radiation, backscattering and auto-fluorescence. Investigation was performed on 104 dental samples in vitro by using He-Ne laser (λ=632.8nm, 2.0±0.1mW) as the probing. Spectrums of all samples were obtained. Characteristic spectrums of dental caries in various stages (intact, initial, moderate and deep) were given. Using the back-reflected light to normalize the intensity of back-scattering and fluorescence, a quantitative diagnosis standard for different stages of caries is proposed. In order to verify the test, comparison research was conducted among artificial caries, morphological damaged enamel, dental calculus and intact tooth. Results show that variations in backscattering characteristic changes in bio-tissue morphological and the quantity of auto-fluorescence is correlated with concentration of anaerobic microflora in hearth of caries lesion. This method poses a high potential of diagnosing various stages of dental caries, and is more reliability to detect early caries, surface damage of health enamel and dental calculus.

Lysosomal photosensitizers have been used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Combination of such photosensitizers and light causes lysosomal photodamage, inducing cell death. The lysosomal disruption can lead to apoptosis but its signaling pathways remain to be elucidated. In this study, we selected N-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6), an effective photosensitizer which preferentially accumulates in lysosomes, to study the mechanism of apoptosis caused by lysosomal photodamage. Apoptosis in living human lung adenocarcinoma cells treated by NPe6-PDT was studied using real-time single-cell analysis. Confocal imaging of cells transfected with BimL-GFP demonstrated that BimL translocated to mitochondria after NPe6-PDT treatment for about 150 min, and then sequestered into clusters associated with the mitochondira within 30 min. The activation of BimL proved to be an important event in the apoptotic machinery, as demonstrated by the significant protection of cell death in samples suppressed the expression level of endogenous BimL. This study demonstrates that BimL activation was involved in the cell death induced by PDT with lysosomal photosensitizer.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of exercise therapy, alternating cold and hot (ACH) therapy and low intensity laser (LIL) therapy in patients with chronic lumbar muscle strain (CLMS). Thirty-two patients were randomly allocated to four groups: exercise group, ACH group, LIL group, and combination group of exercise, ACH and LIL, eight in each group. Sixteen treatments were given over the course of 4 weeks. Lumbar muscle endurance, flexion and lateral flexion measures, visual analogue scale (VAS) and lumbar disability questionnaire (LDQ) were used in the clinical and functional evaluations before, immediately after, and 4 weeks after treatment. It was found that the values of endurance, VAS and LDQ in all groups were significantly improved from before to after treatment (P < 0.01). The combination group showed significantly larger reduction on pain level and functional disability than the other groups immediately and 4 weeks after treatment (P < 0.01). Pain level reduced significantly more in the ACH group than in the exercise group or the LIL group immediately and 4 weeks after treatment (P < 0.05). Lumbar muscle endurance and spinal ranges of motion in all groups were improved after treatment but there was no significant difference between any therapy groups. In conclusion, exercise therapy, ACH therapy and LIL therapy were effective in the treatment of CLMS. ACH therapy was more effective than exercise therapy or LIL therapy. The combination therapy of exercise, ACH and LIL had still better rehabilitative effects on CLMS.

Multifocal Multiphoton Microscopy (MMM) can acquire three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence microscopic images of samples by multiphoton excitation with the advantages of high speed, reduced photobleaching, enhanced penetration depth and high signal-to-noise ratio. As fluorescence spectrum can provide information about the components of the sample, it is becoming increasingly popular in biomedicine to combine fluorescence spectrum measurement with multidimensional fluorescence microscopy. In this paper, we present the development of a spectrally resolved multifocal multiphoton microscope (SR-MMM). A microlens array is employed in the MMM system to produce 2D excitation foci on the sample for simultaneous two-photon excitation and a pair of galvo mirrors is used to scan the excitation foci across the sample. A liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF) is mounted in front of a high-speed cooled CCD camera and is used to change the detection wavelength of the MMM system. Depth-resolved and spectrum-resolved two-photon excitation fluorescence images of a few samples are obtained with the SR-MMM system.

We have designed a small type of endoscopic 2D fiber scanner probe to incorporate OCT with endoscopy imaging. The new probe consists with two piezoelectric ceramics plated with electrode, a conductive thin-film with non-inverse piezoelectric effect and a piece of nude fiber with coating layers removed. To accomplish the scanning, the only thing need to be done is to drive the two piezoelectric ceramic sheets which provides simpler structure and at the same time minimizes the probe effectively. Here we have obtained some preliminary results and verified the feasibility of the program.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is now the most common neurodegenerative disease. Despite approval of several drugs for AD, the disease continues to rob millions of their memories and their lives. We have studied the cellular models of brain-mediated phototherapy on AD, and the studies will be reviewed in this paper. Genetic studies have shown that dysfunction of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) or tau is sufficient to cause AD. Aβ or Aβ induced redox stress induced neuron apoptosis might be as a cellular model of AD. We found red light at 640±15 nm from light emitting diode array (RLED640) might inhibit Aβ 25-35 induced PC12 cell apoptosis, which is mediated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and it might inhibit hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) induced differentiated PC12 cell (dPC12) apoptosis, which is mediated by tyrosine hydroxylase. There is rhythm dysfunction in AD. We found low intensity 810 nm laser irradiation might rehabilitate TNF-alpha induced inhibition of clock gen expression of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Our studies provide a foundation for photobiomodulation on brain to rehabilitate AD.

Spreading depression (SD) shows as propagating suppression of electrical activity, which relates with migraine and focal cerebral ischaemia. The putative mechanism of SD is the reaction-diffusion hypothesis involving potassium ions. In part inspired by optical imaging of two SD waves collision, we aimed to show the merged and large wavefront but not annihilation during collision by experimental and computational study. This paper modified Reggia et al established bistable equation with recovery to compute and visualize SD. Firstly, the media tissue of SD was assumed as one-dimensional continuum. The Crank-Nicholson method was used to solve the modified equations with recovery term. Then, the computation results were extended to two-dimensional space by symmetry. One individual SD was visualized as a concentric wave initiating from the stimulation point. The mergence but not annihilation of two colliding waves of SD was demonstrated. In addition, the dynamics of SD depending on the parameters was studied and presented. The results allied SD with the emerging concepts of volume transmission. This work not only supplied a paradigm to compute and visualize SD but also became a tool to explore the mechanisms of SD.

Using the photoacoustic imaging system with a linear transducer array and in the case of incomplete projection data, the filtered back projection (FBP) algorithm will produce many artifacts and blurs which limit the spatial resolution, degrade the image contrast and distort the shapes of the reconstructed objects. While conventional iterative reconstruction algorithm can reconstruct a clear image, but need much more time to compute than the FBP algorithm. In this paper, we present an improved iterative reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct the absorbed optical deposit distribution by combining FBP algorithm and conventional iterative reconstruction algorithm. The combined iterative reconstruction (CIR) algorithm can produce high-quality imaging as the iterative reconstruction algorithm, and with only 20% of the computed time used by the conventional iterative algorithm. Numerical simulation results validate this algorithm can effectively reconstruct a clear image in a short time and in a limit field of view and suggest the improved algorithm could be applied to fast photoacoustic imaging and noninvasive clinic diagnose.

SPR sensors have become a high sensitive and label free method for characterizing and quantifying chemical and biochemical interactions. However, the relations between the SPR refractive index response and the property (such as concentrations) of biochemical probes are still lacking. In this paper, an experimental study on the SPR responses of varies concentrations of Legionella pneumophila mip DNA probes is presented. We developed a novel two-dimensional SPR sensing technique-parallel scan spectral SPR imaging-to detect an array of mip gene probes. This technique offers quantitative refractive index information with a high sensing throughput. By detecting mip DNA probes with different concentrations, we obtained the relations between the SPR refractive index response and the concentrations of mip DNA probes. These results are valuable for design and developing SPR based mip gene biochips.

The use of retractors is essential in many neurosurgical procedures however, substantial evidence indicates that the use of retractors induce contusion and infraction of the retracted tissue and adjacent regions. The main effect of retraction involved a clear decreased tissue blood flow and oxygenation and a decrease in energy production. In this study we tested the effects of retraction injury in a rat model related to several aspects. We tested the effect of duration and intensity of retraction as well as compared continuous versus intermittent retraction. In order to evaluate the hemodynamic and metabolic condition of the retracted tissue, a unique multiparametric monitoring probe (MPA) was used. This probe contained optical fibers for microcirculatory blood flow (CBF) monitoring by laser Doppler flowmetry and fibers for NADH fluorometry. Additionally, the MPA contains a Camino probe for intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring, mini-electrode for K⁺ extracellular level monitoring surrounded by a DC-potential electrode and ECoG electrodes. Our preliminary results showed that retraction which induced an initial ICP pressure of 25mmHg, yielded only minor and reversible changes in cerebral metabolism whereas a pressure of 50mmHg caused a significant decrease in CBF, elevation of NADH and extracellular level of K⁺. In the intermittent retraction model the negative effect on the cerebral tissue was significantly larger than that of the single continuous retraction model. In conclusion, the use of the MPA for the evaluation of retraction induce injury, may reveal new insights into the damage developed in the brain.

Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow and in modulation of the respiratory chain activity in the normal brain. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of NO under two levels of partial brain ischemia induced by unilateral or bilateral carotid artery occlusion (UCO/BCO), for 24 hours and in appropriate control groups. Time-sharing fluorometer/reflectometer was used for the monitoring of mitochondrial NADH, by the fluorometric technique and oxyhemoglobin level by 2 wavelength reflectance method, combined with laser Doppler flowmetry for cerebral blood flow (CBF) monitoring. Systemic blood pressure (MAP) was also monitored. L-NAME was used for the inhibition of NO synthesis while nitrite was used as an exogenous source for NO. In both groups of ischemic animals L-NAME induced an increase in MAP and oxigenation of HbO₂ however in the UCO group CBF remained stable and NADH was oxidized whereas in the BCO group CBF decreased with no change in NADH. Following nitrite infusion MAP reversibly decreased, CBF increased, HbO₂ and NADH remained low in the BCO group with a slight reversible increase of NADH in the UCO group. In conclusion, it seems that NO plays an important role in the autoregulation of CBF and mitochondrial activity in the partially ischemic brain.

In order to diagnose the development of pathophysiological events in the brain, the evaluation of multiparametric data in real time is highly important. The current work presents a new approach of using cluster analysis for the evaluation of relationship between: mitochondrial NADH, tissue blood flow and hemoglobin oxygenation under various pathophysiological conditions. The Time-Sharing Fluorometer Reflectometer (TSFR) was used for monitoring of mitochondrial NADH, oxyhemoglobin (HbO₂), and microcirculatory blood flow simultaneously at the same location from the rat or gerbils cortex. This allows a more accurate assessment of brain functions in real time and a better understanding of the relationship between tissue oxygen supply and demand. Moreover, in some pathophysiological cases, monitoring of only one or two parameters in the cerebral cortex may be misleading. The classification was based on the data collected in experiments where different pathophysiological conditions, such as anoxia, ischemia, and SD were used. These three parameters were plotted in three dimensions. The clustering approach results showed similar patterns in each type of treatment. The distribution of data points in space was used to define the spatial behavior of each treatment in order to produce an index for identifying different treatments. In conclusion, our present study offers a new approach of data analysis that can serve as a reliable tool for tissue pathophysiology.

Optical Doppler Tomography (ODT) is a high-resolved and non-invasive biomedical imaging technique, which can obtain tissue structure and blood flow velocity at the same time. A novel phase-resolved ODT method to measure 3-D velocity vector is presented. After inserting the designed narrowband phase plate between the collimator and focusing lens of the sample arm, three independent path length delays are formed. By calculating the Doppler shift and the Doppler bandwidth corresponding to three delays, 3-D velocity vector distribution of the solution inside the glass capillary is obtained. Experiments of polystyrene solution flowing at different velocity are conducted, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed method for 3-D velocity vector measurement.

Optical coherence tomography(OCT) is a high resolution imaging technique which uses light to directly image living tissue. we investigate the potential use of OCT for structural imaging of the ischemia injury mammalian cerebral cortex. And we examine models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats in vivo using OCT. In particular, we show that OCT can perform in vivo detection of cortex and differentiate normal and abnormal cortical anatomy. This OCT system in this study provided an axial resolution of 10~15μ m, the transverse resolution of the system is about 25 μm. OCT can provide cross-sectional images of cortical of adult rats in response to cerebral ischemia injury.We conclude that OCT represents an exciting new approach to visualize, in real-time, pathological changes in the cerebral cortex structures and may offer a new tool for Possible neuroscience clinical applications.

Microwave-induced thermoacoustic or photoacoustic imaging is a nonionizing imaging modality based on the difference in microwave or light absorption of various biological tissues. The advantage of this imaging over traditional optical imaging is that it retains intrinsic microwave or optical contrast characteristics while benefiting from the diffraction-limited high spatial resolution of ultrasound. Various tissues present particular characteristics in their absorption spectra. Photoacoustic imaging can map optical absorption distribution whereas microwave-induced thermoacoustic imaging is related to the electrical properties in the objects. Muscles which have a rich blood supply provide excellent optical contrast. In contrast high water or ion content tissues, such as muscle tissues or malignant tissues, demonstrate high contrast to fatty tissues employing microwave radiation. Besides different contrast mechanisms, microwave-induced thermoacoustic imaging may find unique applications because microwave radiation provides a deeper penetration depth in biological tissues than optical radiation. The frequency spectrum of thermoacoustic images is much lower and the spatial resolution is poorer due to the pulse width of microwave radiation. Therefore, thermoacoustic and photoacoustic imaging are associated with different characteristics based on information from tissue properties over an electromagnetic spectrum from microwave to optical bands. The reconstructed thermoacoustic and photoacoustic images with their image blending may be more accurate and comprehensive than was previously available. Also the experimental results show that breast cancer detection is a promising, and specific application field by microwave-induced thermoacoustic imaging. We are able to provide multimodality, complementary, and low cost images which can be potentially used for early cancer detection and imaging.

A 2-D Pennes' bioheat transfer mathmatical model was presented to study the temperature spatial distribution and its time dynamic characteristic of human skin tissue irradiated by He-Ne laser. The non-linear bio-heat transfer equation was solved by use of finite element analysis method. The temperature distribution simulation results in radial and axial direction at different time was obtained. The effect of different laser power and the blood perfusion rate on the temperature distribution of skin tissue was analyzed. This research method maybe provides possibility to predict thermal damage of clinic laser surgery, and is helpful to inspect curative effect and choose medical laser parameters.

Diffusion theory was widely used as a basis of the experiments and methods in determining the optical properties of biological tissues. A simple analytical solution could be obtained easily from the diffusion equation after a series of approximations. Thus, a misinterpret of analytical solution would be made: while the effective attenuation coefficient of several semi-infinite bio-tissues were the same, the distribution of light fluence in the tissues would be the same. In order to assess the validity of knowledge above, depth resolved internal fluence of several semi-infinite biological tissues which have the same effective attenuation coefficient were simulated with wide collimated beam in the paper by using Monte Carlo method in different condition. Also, the influence of bio-tissue refractive index on the distribution of light fluence was discussed in detail. Our results showed that, when the refractive index of several bio-tissues which had the same effective attenuation coefficient were the same, the depth resolved internal fluence would be the same; otherwise, the depth resolved internal fluence would be not the same. The change of refractive index of tissue would have affection on the light depth distribution in tissue. Therefore, the refractive index is an important optical property of tissue, and should be taken in account while using the diffusion approximation theory.

In this paper, an improved wavelet threshold denoising with combined translation invariance(TI)method is adopted to remove noises existed in the bio-chemical spectrum. Meanwhile, a novel wavelet threshold function and an optimal threshold determination algorithm are proposed. The new function is continuous and high-order derivable, it can overcome the vibration phenomena generated by the classical threshold function and decrease the error of reconstructed spectrum. So, it is superior to the frequency-domain filtering methods, the soft- and hard-threshold function proposed by D.L. Donoho and the semisoft-threshold function proposed by Gao, etc. The experimental results show that the improved TI wavelet threshold(TI-WT) denoising method can availably eliminate the Pseudo-Gibbs phenomena generated by the traditional wavelet thresholding method. At the same time, the improved wavelet threshold function and the TI-WT method present lower root mean-square-error (RMSE) and higher signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) than the frequency-domain filtering, classical soft and hard-threshold denoising The SNR increasing from 17.3200 to 32.5609, the RMSE decreasing from 4.0244 to 0.6257. Otherwise, The improved denoising method not only makes the spectrum smooth, but also effectively preserves the edge characteristics of the original spectrum.

Apoptosis plays an essential role in normal organism development which is one of the main types of programmed cell death to help tissues maintain homeostasis. Defective apoptosis can result in cell accumulation and therefore effects on tumor pathogenesis, progression and therapy resistance. A family of proteins, known as caspases, is typically activated in the early stages of apoptosis. Therefore, studying the kinetics of activation of caspases induced by antitumor drugs can contribute to antitumor drug discovery and explanation of the molecular mechanisms. This paper detected the Caspase-3 activity induced by cisplatin in human adenoid cystic carcinoma cell line (ACC-M), human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and human epithelial carcinoma cell line (Hela) with stably expressing ECFP-DEVDDsRed (CD3) probe, a fluorescent probe consisting of Enhanced Cyan Fluorescent Protein (ECFP), red fluorescent protein (DsRed) and a linker with a recognition site of Caspase-3, by using the capillary electrophoresis (CE) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging system. Under the same concentration of cisplatin, ACC-M cells responded the most rapidly, and then HepG2 cells and Hela cells, respectively, in the early 30 hours. Later, HepG2 cells represented acceleration in the Caspase-3 activation speed and reached full activation the earliest comparing to other two cell types. The results demonstrated that ACC-M cell is more sensitive than the other two cell types under the treatment of cisplatin.

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), a promising and approved therapeutics for neoplastic and vascular disease, could induce expression of angiogenic and survival molecules including vascular endothelial growth factor, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and MCL-1. However, the precise effect of MCL-1 which is a member of the bcl-2 family on PDT is not well characterized. The work described here was aimed at determining whether expression of MCL-1 could exhibit a side effect on PDT. The results showed that expression of MCL-1 was increased prominently after Hela cells treated with PDT. By using confocal fluorescence microscopy and cell viability assay, it was found that overexpression of MCL-1 could have a vital influence on Photofrin-PDT-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, further analyses indicated that MCL-1 delayed translocation of Bax and release of cytochrome c from mitochrondria, further leading to cause a delay in cell apoptosis in Hela cells treated with PDT. The process was associated with MCL-1 interaction directly with Bax. In conclusion, overexpression of MCL-1 plays an important part in efficiency of PDT killing tumor cells, in other words, MCL-1 overexpression decreases PDT induced apoptosis through directly interacting with Bax. These results suggest that targeting MCL-1 expression might be a highly effective therapeutic measure for promoting the tumoricidal effectiveness of PDT.

Many pathogenic and genetic diseases are associated with changes in the sequence of particular genes. We describe here a rapid and highly efficient assay for the detection of point mutation. This method is a combination of isothermal rolling circle amplification (RCA) and high sensitive electrochemluminescence (ECL) detection. In the design, a circular template generated by ligation upon the recognition of a point mutation on DNA targets was amplified isothermally by the Phi29 polymerase using a biotinylated primer. The elongation products were hybridized with tris (bipyridine) ruthenium (TBR)-tagged probes and detected in a magnetic bead based ECL platform, indicating the mutation occurrence. P53 was chosen as a model for the identification of this method. The method allowed sensitive determination of the P53 mutation from wild-type and mutant samples. The main advantage of RCA-ECL is that it can be performed under isothermal conditions and avoids the generation of false-positive results. Furthermore, ECL provides a faster, more sensitive, and economical option to currently available electrophoresis-based methods.

This study aims to develop a simultaneous photoacoustic tomography imaging technique in multilayer media. With an acoustic lens which has the ability of parallel imaging instead of other PA image reconstruction methods on the basis of complex algorithms, obtaining a two-dimensional (2D) PA image in real-time is available. Combining the advantages of the acoustic lens which has long focal depth and the fast data acquisition system, the new system is particularly excellent that it can acquire the complete PA signals from all the object planes. With the time-resolved technique, the PA signals from different object planes can be distinguished. As a result, the multilayer PAT images can be reconstructed simultaneously without any complicated reconstruction algorithms. According to the experimental results, the reconstructed multilayer images agree well with the original samples.

Expound the transverse photoelectrical effect, operating principle of the Position Sensitive Detector (PSD). Analyze the main aspects that cause the non-linearity: the heterogeneity of the materials used to make the PSD's N region, the electrodes' size and shape, the uneven resistance of the P region surface, the asymmetrical distribution of the junction capacitance, the temperature excursion and so on. When a beam irradiates the PSD, whose surface resistance is even, two photocurrents I₁ and I₂ will be obtained on both load resistors of the signal electrodes. Their magnitudes are determined by the incident beam position and the values of the equivalent resistances R₁ and R₂ between the two electrodes. The values of the load resistance can be ignored compared with the values of R₁ and R₂. After the processing of PSD's output signals, conclusion is drawn that the PSD's output signals only have relationship with the position, rather than the light intensity. The prominent merits of non-requirement of sample conversion and the ability to set up the position of ionization greatly shorten the period of image capture, which enables its utilization in Faultage X-ray photography. Expound the aspects which improve the filled air pressure as well as the detector's efficiency and resolution. At last, we analyze the PSD's dynamic response error, and draw some important conclusions. We also forecast the application of the combination of the PSD and the faultage X-ray photograph system in medical engineering.

A full range complex spectral domain optical coherence tomography system based on spatial sinusoidal phase modulation is presented. The quadrature components of an interferogram are obtained by harmonic detection, and the complex-conjugate ambiguity, DC term and autocorrelation noise are eliminated through Fourier transform of the complex interferogram. A complex-conjugate rejection ratio of about 35 dB is demonstrated. In practical applications, high speed complex-conjugate resolved imaging can be performed by combining sinusoidal phase modulation with transversal scanning.

BimL is an important BH3-only protein, whose function is act upstream of apoptosis. However, the molecular role of BimL in apoptosis remains not well understood. Our previous reported shown that BimL was involved in the UV irradiation-induced apoptosis. Based on RNAi, FRET and co-immunoprecipitation techniques, in this study, in addition to well determine the role of BimL in UV-induced apoptosis, we particularly monitor the relationship between BimL and Bcl-xL during UV irradiation in both living and extracted cells. First, Knockdown of BimL by a small hairpin RNA confirmed this BH3-only member play an important role in the UV-induced apoptosis. Moreover, using FRET technique, we further revealed that BimL directly binds to Bcl-xL, and the combination of these complexes became more and more obviously during UV irradiation, which results were further highlighted by co-immunoprecipitation analysis. Thus, the data suggested that BimL directly binds Bcl-xL and play an important role during UV irradiation-induced apoptosis through suppresses the function of Bcl-xL.

The fluorescent probes based on fluorescent proteins (FP) have been widely used to investigate the molecules of interest in living cells. It is well-known that the molecular events in the living cells are very complicate and all of the cell activities are involved by multi-molecular interaction. With the development of novel fluorescent protein mutants and imaging technology, the molecular signal in living cells could be detected accurately. In this study, with the appropriate targeting signals, the fluorescent proteins were localized to plasma membrane (Rac1-mCerulean), Golgi membrane (EYFP-go), ER membrane (RFP2-er), mitochondrial membrane (RFP1-mt). Cultured Hela cells were cotransfected with these four plasmids, and 36 h later, labeled with Hoechst33258 which located in the nucleus of a living cell. Using a confocal microscopy, with 405 nm, 458 nm and 514 nm laser lines employed respectively, a five-color fluorescent image was obtained in which five subcellular structures were clearly shown in living cells. The technique of multi-color imaging in a single cell provides a powerful tool to simultaneously study the multi-molecular events in living cells.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer therapy most of which using light excites sensitizer mainly to produce singlet oxygen (¹O₂) to kill tumor cells by oxidation reaction. Monitoring the singlet oxygen production is an important task for getting more useful dosage information in photodynamic therapy to enhance the effect. In order to monitor singlet oxygen in PDT, the Chemiluminescence (CL) probe, which could react with singlet oxygen and emit photons, was selected and employed on mice to produce CL. The CL was collected and recorded by a single photon detection system in real time. The results showed that the signal intensity was high and indicated that the chemiluminescence could measure singlet oxygen in vivo sensitively. And during photodynamic therapy the CL signal dropped gradually. Different therapy dosages had different decay life. Any of the decay had two different parts: the rapid component and the slow component. During PDT, reactive oxygen would oxidize biomolecules of tissue, and oxygen was consumed. It would cause a rapid component; by combining with chemiluminescence and fluorescence detection technique, the first-order elimination coefficient of tissue was proved to be degressive during PDT. We deduced that the damaged vascular in PDT would provide littler oxygen and tissue hypoxia was more severely. It may quicken CL decay and caused the slow component. In conclusion, the results proved that monitoring ¹O₂ by CL could give useful information not only to evaluate the effect of PDT but also to judge the tissue oxygen depletion.

Depth discrimination of polarized light is used in investigating laser Doppler measurement of the superficial microcirculation in tissue. Using polarization Monte Carlo simulation, temporal point spread function and power spectral distribution of backscattered polarization remaining light firstly are used to prove polarized light to be valid in measuring moving blood cell perfusion and mean flow velocity. Then simulation of layered medium model demonstrate that relationships between blood flow perfusion and mean frequency shift are linear to medium flowing velocity, and the Doppler shift information in polarization remaining light mainly comes from lower layer medium up to about 14 times of mean free path (MFP) of medium investigated and can be considered that Doppler effects come only from lower layer of the medium. Simulations in three-layer tissue model show that moving blood cell perfusion and mean blood cell moving velocity calculated from polarization remaining are much more sensitive to lower layer flow velocity variation, and more irrelevant to deeper layer flow rate fluctuations, that further confirms Doppler measurement from polarization remaining light to be effective for superficial microcirculation in tissue. Factors affecting Laser Doppler measurement like medium absorption, percentage of moving particles in blood detector size are discussed.

With low risk of complications and little down-time, the non-ablative photo-rejuvenation is playing an increasing role in the therapy of the photo-damaged skin, but the appraisal standard is different. This paper mainly observed the effect of the mouse skin irradiated by intense pulse light source through two photo microscopy in sub-micrometer. The spectrum and morphological imaging between pre- and post-irradiated by Intense Pulse Light (IPL) were obtained from two photon microscopy respectively. The outcome showed that non-ablative IPL irradiated the aging mouse skin got the better effect, and then have gained the changes of spectrum intensity and corresponding photon numbers in a rectangular area, these probable achieve the mechanism of light irradiated skin. The intention of this was offer the theory basis in clinic.

We investigated the activity of caspase-9 for its role in the regulation of apoptosis induced by high fluence Low-power laser irradiation (HF-LPLI). Using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) reporter STAT9, caspase-9 activity was monitored in a noninvasive technique in living human lung adenocarcinoma cells (ASTC-a-1). Under physiological conditions, proteolytic activity of caspase-9 kept invalid in order to prevent the cell undergoing apoptosis. However, HF-LPLI caused a significant decrease of Venus/ECFP ratio, indicating caspase-9 was activated which sustained from 70 minutes to 200 minutes post irradiation. This behavior was familiar with that under staurosporine (STS) treatment, which was used here as a positive control to show a characteristical activation of caspase-9. These results demonstrate that the control of caspase-9 activity is an important mechanism for the regulation of apoptosis triggered by HF-LPLI.

In this paper, the delayed luminescence of ginseng produced from two different areas was determined with the self built bioluminescence detecting system. And the attenuation curve of bioluminescence of the experimental samples were studied, before and after the samples extracted by 58% alcohol. We primarily gave out the parameters describing emitting characteristic. Using the method of optic induced bioluminescence, we also determined the weak luminescence emitting from the ginseng tuber, and find the intensity and decay time having obvious difference from skin and core, with these data we can distinguish the producing area and feature of the ginseng. In the experiment, the light-induce luminescence of the sample was menstruated, which has been infused by water and 58% alcohol; the difference between two kinds of samples which were infused and not infused has been delivered. In order to investigate the effect of excitation-light spectrum component to delayed luminescence of ginseng, a light filter witch allow a wavelength scope of 225nm~420nm pass through was installed between the light source and sample, keeping other work condition unchanged, the bioluminescence was also determined. For investigating the effect of extracting to emitting, the absorption spectrum of above samples ware studied, and the time-sequence of absorption spectrum was obtained. Based on the data obtained from our experiment, we analyzed the radiation mechanism of ginseng slice and tuber.

Noninvasive tumor imaging could lead to the early detection and timely treatment of cancer. Previous investigations have suggested that optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an ideal diagnostic tool distinguishing normal tissues from tumor tissues based on structural imaging because of the high resolution. In the study, the capability of OCT for functional imaging of normal and tumor tissues based on time and depth resolved quantification of the permeability of biomolecules through these tissues is investigated. An OCT system at 830 nm central wavelength was used in this study. Diffusion of 20% aqueous solution of glucose was monitored and quantified in normal stomach tissues and tumor tissues using OCT. The orthotopic graft model of gastric cancer in nude mice was used. Permeability coefficients were calculated as a function of time and tissue depth. The permeability coefficient was (9.44±0.42) ×10^-6 cm/s in normal stomach tissues and (5.32±0.17)×10^-5 cm/s in tumor tissues. The tumor tissues had a higher permeability coefficient compared to normal tissues. From the experimental results, it is found that the accurate and sensitive assessment of the permeability coefficients of normal and tumor tissues offer an effective OCT image method for clinical diagnosis and detection of tumor tissues.

In order to study the relationship among the oxygen concentration in skeletal muscle tissues and the heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO₂), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during incremental running exercises on a treadmill, a near-infrared spectroscopy muscle oxygen monitor system is employed to measure the relative change in muscle oxygenation, with the heart rate, oxygen uptake, production of carbon dioxide (VCO₂) and respiratory exchange ratio are recorded synchronously. The results indicate parameters mentioned above present regular changes during the incremental exercise. High correlations are discovered between relative change of oxy-hemoglobin concentration and heart rate, oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio at the significance level (P=0.01). This research might introduce a new measurement technology and/or a novel biological monitoring parameter to the evaluation of physical function status, control the training intensity, estimation of the effectiveness of exercise. Keywords: near-infrared spectroscopy; muscle oxygen concentration; heart rate; oxygen uptake; respiratory exchange ratio.

To improve the normal medical image fusion algorithm in order to avoid the loss of the detailed information in the processes of medical image fusion, a multiscale medical image fusion method based on nonsubsampled contourlet transform(NSCT) is proposed in this paper. First, the source images(MRI and CT images) are decomposed by using nonsubsampled contourlet transform. Then, the details of contourlet coefficients are fused on each corresponding levels with a vision feature fusion operator. Finally, the fused image will be obtained by taking the inverse nonsubsampled contourlet transformation. The experimental results show that the effect of the nonsubsampled contourlet-based method is obviously improved, and the proposed method can effectively preserve the detailed information of the source images.

The theoretical studies indicate digital curvelet transform to be an even better method than wavelets for optical application. In this paper, a multiscale biometric recognition method based on digital curvelet transform via wrapping is surveyed and studied. First, all images are decomposed by using curvelet transform. As a result of performing curvelet transform, curvelet coefficients of low frequency and high frequency in different scales and various angels will be obtained. Then, low frequency coefficients as study samples to the BP neural network are applied. Finally, low frequency coefficients of testing image are used to simulate neural network, then recognition results will be obtained. The experiments are performed on the Cambridge University ORL database, and the results show that the recognition rate of the curvelet-based method is obviously improved.

In this paper, we expounded the composing, specialty, parameter, its working process, key techniques and methods for charge coupled devices (CCD) twice value treatment. Disposal process for CCD video signal quantification was expatiated; X-ray image intensifier's constitutes, function of constitutes, coupling technique of X-ray image intensifier and CCD were analyzed. We analyzed two effective methods to reduce the harm to human beings when X-ray was used in the medical image. One was to reduce X-ray's radiation and adopt to intensify the image penetrated by X-ray to gain the same effect. The other was to use the image sensor to transfer the images to the safe area for observation. On this base, a new method was presented that CCD image sensor and X-ray image intensifier were combined organically. A practical medical X-ray photo electricity system was designed which can be used in the records and time of the human's penetrating images. The system was mainly made up with the medical X-ray, X-ray image intensifier, CCD vidicon with high resolution, image processor, display and so on. Its characteristics are: change the invisible X-ray into the visible light image; output the vivid images; short image recording time etc. At the same time we analyzed the main aspects which affect the system's resolution. Medical photo electricity system using X-ray image sensor can reduce the X-ray harm to human sharply when it is used in the medical diagnoses. At last we analyzed and looked forward the system's application in medical engineering and the related fields.

Crop breeding and variety analysis play the important role in the national economy. A lot of sample data and typical probability distribution are needed in the conventional methods to evaluate the high-yield crop cultivars such as correlation analysis, regression analysis and grey relational grade analysis etc, which are difficult to be realized. Delayed fluorescence (DF) can be used to evaluate plant photosynthesis. The current investigation has revealed that there is a good linear correlation between DF and photosynthesis capacity. More importantly, the slopes of linear fit of the correlationship for different yield varieties are different. Four known yield crop cultivars from each of the two different species (Maize and Soybean) are selected as samples to be analyzed. The statistical results show that the slope of high-yield variety is smaller than that of low-yield. We thus conclude that the slope of linear fit of correlation between DF and photosynthesis capacity is an excellent marker for high-yield crop cultivars identification. Compared with the conventional methods, the presented method needs less samples and it's fast and easy to be measured.

A full-view photoacoustic tomography system with dual-scanning using a linear transducer array for fast imaging of complicated blood network was developed. In this system, a 128-element linear transducer array was used to detect photoacoustic signals by combined scanning of electronic scan and mechanical scan. An improved limited-field filtered back projection algorithm with directivity factors was applied to reconstruct the distribution of the absorbed optical energy deposit. An in vivo experiment on a mouse brain was performed to evaluate the ability of this composite system. A clear view of the cerebrovascular network on the brain cortex was acquired successfully. Furthermore, the reconstruct images with different number of scanning positions were also investigated and analyzed to induce a compromised proposal between scanning time and scanning number. The experimental results demonstrate the multi-element photoacoustic imaging system has the potential to acquire the time-resolved functional information for fundamental research of small animal brain imaging.

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is one of the tumor-targeting therapeutics, and has been an established medical practice in recent years. PDT mediates tumor destruction mainly by killing tumor cells directly and damaging the tumor-associated vasculature, also inducing an immune response against tumor cells. For the Photofrin-mediated PDT, Vascular system injury is the predominant destruction that results in vascular collapse and blood plasma leakage, then leading to tumor infarction. However, thrombus formation during PDT may influence the light transmission and oxygen supply. Also some tumor cells not killed by PDT may irritate angiogenesis, causing the tumor recurrence under the condition of hypoxia after PDT. In our work, to prolong coagulation and formation of thrombus, an anticoagulant heparin was employed before the Photofrin-mediated PDT. After being administrated both Photofrin and anticoagulant heparin, the BALB/c mice with the subcutaneous EMT6 mammary carcinomas model were exposed to laser (635nm). And then an enhanced effect was received. Our experiments indicated that its antitumor effect may be attributed to the improvement of the light delivery to the deep part of tumor and oxygen supply for PDT. The results suggested that heparin can be used to enhance the effect of PDT in a solid tumor treatment.

To explore morphologic characterizatics of cellular processes from adult human nucleus pulposus cells, the nucleus pulposus of adult human intervertebral disc were obtained from 8 patients (Thompson's grade I~II) and then the tissues specimens were carried out by frozen section and electron microscopic section as well as cell isolation and cultured, processes of nucleus pulposus cells were examined using light microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. When examined at both the confocal and electron microscope level, all the cells possessed the processes and adjacent nucleus pulposus cells processes possessed a gap junction. But elongated and round cells can be examined when NP cells were monolayer cultured. The rate of elongated cells to round cells is 2.3 to 1. The elongated cells protrude along with the long axis of cell body without second processes. Dendritic processes of round cells protrude to all directions from the cell body with multiple-level processes. Processes are one of the morphologic characteristics of intervertebral disc cells which are different from articular cartilage chondrocytes. The research on processes functions will be helpful to understand pathomechanism of intervertebral disc degradation and open a new approach for cytobiology treatment of the intervertebral disc diseases.

In this study, a confocal photoacoustic system with double-ring senor was used for imaging the map of hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO₂). This confocal photoacoustic system use focused optics for exploding photoacoustic signal, and the optical focus overlap with the focus of piezoelectric double-ring sensor. It has higher spatial resolution because the resolution is limited by the smaller optical focus rather than the ultrasonic focus of transducer. As near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), photoacoustic can distinguish oxygenated main blood chromophores such as hemoglobin (HbO₂) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb), by the optical absorption at multiple optical wavelengths. Three wavelengths pulse lasers (760nm, 805nm and 850nm) were employed to excitated photoacoustic signals, and acquire photoacoustic images of the vasculature in our experiment. In phantom samples test, two kinds of ink is employed to mimic HbO₂ and Hb, respectively. The PA images of two stimulant vessels showed that the calculated maps of saturation of mixed ink agree well with the preset value of sample. The in vivo experiment demonstrates an imaging of map of SO₂ in vessels at back of mouse. These demonstrated that this confocal photoacoustic system is potentially to noninvasive, high resolution image the distribution of SO₂ in tissues.

A near-infrared photoacoustic glucose monitoring system, which is integrated dual-wavelength pulsed laser diode excitation with eight-element planar annular array detection technique, is designed and fabricated during this study. It has the characteristics of nonivasive, inexpensive, portable, accurate location, and high signal-to-noise ratio. In the system, the exciting source is based on two laser diodes with wavelengths of 905 nm and 1550 nm, respectively, with optical pulse energy of 20 μJ and 6 μJ. The laser beam is optically focused and jointly projected to a confocal point with a diameter of 0.7 mm approximately. A 7.5 MHz 8-element annular array transducer with a hollow structure is machined to capture photoacoustic signal in backward mode. The captured signals excitated from blood glucose are processed with a synthetic focusing algorithm to obtain high signal-to-noise ratio and accurate location over a range of axial detection depth. The custom-made transducer with equal area elements is coaxially collimated with the laser source to improve the photoacoustic excite/receive efficiency. In the paper, we introduce the photoacoustic theory, receive/process technique, and design method of the portable noninvasive photoacoustic glucose monitoring system, which can potentially be developed as a powerful diagnosis and treatment tool for diabetes mellitus.

In this paper, according to Frohlich biological Bose condensation theory, the living biological system is very high coherence system, so can think that the system is the set of some same electric dipole oscillator; and take this system as two energy level, the two energy level model is simple and effective model for above mentioned system. On the basis of the two energy level model of the biomolecule, the micromechananism of fluorescence effects because of laser act on living biomolecule system was analyzed by quantum theory, the dressed stats of biomolecule in laser field was adopted under dipole approximation. Our theoretic results can explain some corresponding experiments.

An effect of physiological stimulation on saccharomyces cerevisine was studied by different laser. The varieties of ethanol metabolin and the multiplication of yeast and the irradiated dosages were compared under basis of two lasers (CO2 laser and He-Ne laser). We analyse the microsopic mechanism of these effects by means of the quantum theory.

Erigeron Breviscapus is known as a natural plant medicinal material with special clinical effect. In this work, the seeds of Erigeron Breviscapus were irradiated by He-Ne laser (632.8nm, 6mw) with different doses. Plant physiology and biochemistry index such as total soluble sugar and chlorophyll content were analyzed one month after germination to study the He-Ne laser effect to the Erigeron Breviscapus seeds. This work may provide the experimental basis for good growth vigor and high yield genetic character screening of Erigeron Breviscapus treated by laser mutation breeding.

Wavefront aberration of human eye is an important foundation for customized vision correction. In most current aberrometers, near infrared light is used to measure ocular wavefront aberration, whereas for customized visual correction, wavefront aberration data in visible range are required. With the measured wavefront aberration, corneal topography and eye's axial lengths data, individual eye models for twenty normal human eyes are constructed with the optical design software ZEMAX. Changing the incidence light wavelength and the refractive indexes of eye models, the values of defocus, astigmatism, higher-order aberrations in the measuring wavelength (833nm) and at the most sensitive wavelength of human eye (555nm) are obtained. Average focus shift between 833nm and 555nm is found to be about 0.94D, and different slightly for different individuals; the differences of astigmatism and higher-order aberrations between 833nm and 555nm are quite slight. For customized visual correction, the measured defocus value should be modified, whereas the measured astigmatism and higher-order aberrations could be used directly for the current correction precision. Individual eye model is a useful tool for accurate transformation of the measured wavefront aberration data into the data for visible spectrum.

Recently phase contrast imaging has attracted much attention. An obvious advantage of using X-rays for imaging the internal structure of relatively thick samples lies in its high degree of penetration of solid objects. However, often leads to poor image contrast for soft tissue. Phase contrast imaging can be very useful in such situation, as the phase of the transmitted beam may often be more sensitive indicator of density of sample than convention contrast. On the other hand, Computed Tomography is the best technology in the aspect of X-rays detection. Using the technology, the detected object can be imaged to three-dimensional image, so as to observe the inner structure of object, and be convenient to the disease examination. If the phase contrast imaging can be used to the technology of Computed Tomography, the high resolution image can be gained. The technology will become the development orientation of medical image. The aim of this article was to apply the theory of X-rays phase contrast imaging to the traditional X-CT technique. For this purpose, the formula deduced from the imaging theory with parallel monochromatic X-rays illuminating the object based on the Fresnel-Kircohhof theory had been completed and a formula similar to that of the traditional X-CT reconstruction had been gained, which was Radon transform formula. At last, X-rays reconstruction simulation had been carried out according to the formula, and proved that the method could be used in clinical medical imaging. The method discussed in this paper had a very bright prospect for application.

We present a single-core tapered-tip single fiber optical tweezers, which can trap multi-particle simultaneously. In order to test and verify its new function, finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is used to calculate and simulate. The relationship between the trapping force and the particle-parameters, such as the size, refractive index and others of particle are studied. By experimental validation, the tapered-tip single optic fiber tweezers can trap Particle 2nd after the Particle 1st trapped firmly, but can not trap Particle 3rd, which just verifies the theoretical simulation results to be right.

Two kinds of novel phthalocyanines: tetra-azobenzene substituted phthalocyanine (metal free and with zinc as centric atom) and novel polymeric phthalocyanine carboxyl based on pentaerythritol framework (with ytterbium and aluminum as centric atoms) have been synthesized and their electronic adsorption and emission spectrum haven been investigated in water solution and organic solvent. Both synthesized compounds can emit two fluorescence peaks when excited at low wavelength (below 400nm) and one emission peak when excited at long wavelength (higher than 600 nm). For polymeric aluminum phthalocyanine carboxyl, in pH7.4 buffer solution, when excited at 330nm, beside normal fluorescence peak at 720nm, a second emission peak appears at 455nm. The emission at 720 nm can be intensified by addition of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) while the peak at 455nm does not. The fluorescence quantum yield of two emission peaks is 0.35 (720nm em, 635nm ex) and 0.33 (455nm em, 330nm ex), respectively. This equivalent multi-emission phenomenon by different excited wavelength indicates well applied potential in dual-wavelength photodynamic diagnose and fluorescence imagination.

The glycerol used as an enhancer for tissue optical clearing technique has been researched. However, using it and a physical way of ultrasound enhance optical clearing of tissue reported a few. We researched that the ultrasound whether can improve the optical clearing of dealt with 80% glycerol tissue. The fresh porcine skins divided into four groups. The first group was not dealt with by ultrasound and 80% glycerol, the second group was dealt with by only ultrasound, the third group was dealt with by 80% glycerol and no by ultrasound, and the fourth group was dealt with by both 80% glycerol and ultrasound. And we measured changes in optical scattering of the porcine skins under treatment with OCT. From the OCT images show that the fourth group changed very faster than the other's during the 0~15 min. And it can be clearly seen that there is a significant improvement in the light penetration depth and imaging contrast in a shorter time. It is possible that the low-frequency ultrasound can make disordering of the stratum corneum lipids of the porcine skin (because the cavitation has happened), and improve the speed of 80% glycerol through the stratum corneum of skin. These results proved that using 80% glycerol with the ultrasound can better improve the optical clearing of tissue.

The technology of single-base mutation detection plays an increasingly important role in diagnosis and prognosis of genetic-based diseases. Here we reported a new method for the analysis of point mutations in genomic DNA through the integration of allele-specific oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) with magnetic beads-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection scheme. In this assay the tris(bipyridine) ruthenium (TBR) labeled probe and the biotinylated probe are designed to perfectly complementary to the mutant target, thus a ligation can be generated between those two probes by Taq DNA Ligase in the presence of mutant target. If there is an allele mismatch, the ligation does not take place. The ligation products are then captured onto streptavidin-coated paramagnetic beads, and detected by measuring the ECL signal of the TBR label. Results showed that the new method held a low detection limit down to 10 fmol and was successfully applied in the identification of point mutations from ASTC-α-1, PANC-1 and normal cell lines in codon 273 of TP53 oncogene. In summary, this method provides a sensitive, cost-effective and easy operation approach for point mutation detection.

Neural activity is a process of induction and propagation of neural excitability. Clarifying the mechanism of neural activity is one of the basic goals of modern brain science. The calcium ion, a second messenger in the brain, plays key roles in neuronal signaling pathways. To detect electrophysiology signals basing on membrane potential change of neurons and fluorescence signals basing on calcium dynamics and fluorescence labeling technique is critical for understanding neuronal signaling. In this research, a random access two-photon fluorescence microscope system basing on acousto-optic deflectors was used to monitor calcium fluorescence signals of neurons, combining a HEKA patch clamp to detect neuronal electrophysiology synchronously. Results showed that the optoelectronic method to monitor the firing of action potential at 50 Hz has single action potential resolution.

Reflection spectra of human Laogong acupoint (PC8) and non-acupoint tissue which irradiated by different power were studied in the spectral range from 400 nm to 1000 nm in vivo. A wavelength of 808 nm semiconductor laser was used for irradiation at the power of 0 mw (empty irradiation), 20 mw, 50 mw and 100 mw for ten minutes. Reflection spectra were measured with an AvaSpec-2048 optical fiber spectroscopy with an integrating sphere attachment. The result shows that when empty irradiated, the shape of the reflectance spectra of Laogong acupoint and non-acupoint are similar, they have the same troughs at 423 nm, 544 nm, 577 nm and 980 nm, the reflectance at these wavelengths for Laogong acupoint are 17.1%, 26.1%, 25.9%, 35.0%, and for non-acupoint are 17.1%, 27.6%, 28.1%, 36.5%. But from 475 nm to 1000 nm, the reflectance of Laogong acupoint is smaller than that of non-acoupoint. After irradiated by laser at the power of 20 mw, 50 mw, and 100 mw, there is a very significant decrease in the reflectance spectra of Laogong acupoint comparing to that of empty irradiated, and the higher power, the lower reflectance. But there is just a small decrease in the reflectance spectra of non-acupoint comparing to that of empty irradiated. From the above results, it is clearly to see that Laogong acupoint is more sensitive than non-acupoint when irradiated by semiconductor laser.